Category: Electronics Seminar Topics

Wireless Communication Red Tacton Broadband technology is a necessary for the population. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been dealing with challenges to get broadband solutions. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology seems to be pioneer solution.

 Wi-Fi is used in MAN solutions with bandwidth, coverage, and power consumption for the development of conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is known as Wireless MAN. The WiMAX is referred as a standards-based technology which enables wireless broadband access to cable and DSL. WiMAX is a certification mark or stamp of approval.

 Based on IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN, WiMAX has common mode of operation, Concentrated in 2- to 11-GHz WMAN and Defines both the MAC and PHY layers. The IEEE 802.16 technical has three generations. They are IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.16-2004, and IEEE 802.16-2005.

 A WiMAX system has two parts. One is WiMAX tower and second one is WiMAX   receiver. IEEE 802.16 gives support to two modes of operation, PMP and PTP. Point-to-point (PTP) link is a dedicated link which connects only two nodes that are BS and subscriber terminal.

 The topologies used are Point-to-multipoint (PMP) and Mesh Topology. Mesh networks are wireless data networks which give the SSs more intelligence than traditional wireless transmitters and receivers. WiMAX is a certification addressing interoperability over IEEE 802.16 standards-based products. The IEEE 802.16 standard has two models. One is fixed and another one is portable.

 Conclusion:

 WiMAX is the dominant standard for Wireless MAN networks in the world market. The OFDM shows the difference between the 802.16 and 802.16a standard. There are prototypes and development kits using WiMAX standard which are utilized for education. There are some products which are introduced into the market that already composed of WiMAX standard. Market is the key word to take into account. Products need to be delivered as per the market needs.

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Wireless Power Transmission and Reception Using SPS & Rectenna: The inexhaustible energy resource is a high priority to fulfill long term needs. The solar energy can be converted directly into electrical energy with the help of solar cells. We are helpless if power supply need arises for 24 hours. For this, there is a solution which is wireless power transmission from space through a system consisting of SPS (Solar Power Satellite) and RECTENNA (RECTIFYING ANTENNA) by Microwaves.

 The advantage of the space location is it is independent of day-night cycle and weather and also is pollution free. Today’s techniques allow us to have a platform carrying solar batteries which are nothing but generators. It converts electric current into the Electromagnetic field energy of ten centimeter range (microwaves) and antenna forming electromagnetic wave beam. Space solar power stations are costly due the great size of their receiving and radiating antennas.

 Antenna and Rectenna sizes are selected in order that the rectenna is located in the antenna’s Fresnel’s area. The SPS and rectenna system is an economically competitive large scale energy source when compared to other energy sources and appears to provide much less expensive energy source. The SPS and rectenna system has many advantages in terms of environmental issues

 The configuration of the spacetenna is a triangular prism with a length of 800 m and sides of 100 m. The Spacetenna is a square shaped with whose dimension 132 meters by 132 meters and is regularly filled with 1936 segments of sub array. The spacetenna contains pilot signal receiving antennas which are followed by detectors to find out the location of the rectenna on the earth, power transmission antenna elements and phase control systems. A Rectenna is considered as a base station for a geo-stationary satellite.

 Conclusion:

Synthesizing the wireless power transmission, the SPS is commercially viable to improve its efficiency and the cost. It is achieved by placing the Rectenna within the Fresnel area of the transmitter and placing the transmitting antenna in the LEO orbit.

Download Technical PPT Paper Presentation on Wireless Power Transmission and Reception Using SPS & Rectenna.

WiMax CSE Power Point Presentation is an acronym which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology. It connects IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet.

It can provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile (last km) broadband access. WiMAX is the wireless solution for metropolitan area network (MAN). WiMax does not conflict with Wi-Fi but complements it.

 WiMax system consists of two parts. They are a WiMax tower & A WiMax receiver. It has the capacity to broadband Internet access. WiMAX is means of having high bandwidth for a variety of data-intensive applications. WiMAX is described as a framework for the evolution of wireless broadband, than a static implementation of wireless technologies.

There are two types of Wimax. They are Fixed Wimax and Mobile Wimax. Wi-Fi infrastructure devices typically have three categores based on its application. They are Wi-Fi at Home, Wi-Fi in Business, and Wi-Fi in gaming. The final step in the network area scale is the global area network (GAN). The proposal for GAN is IEEE 802.20.

 WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology. It connects 802.11(WiFi) hotspots to the Internet. It provides a wireless extension to cable and DSL for last mile (last km) broadband access. 802.16 provides up to 50 km (31 miles) of linear service area range. It allows users connectivity to a base station. It defines a MAC(Media Access Control) layer that supports multiple physical layer (PHY) specifications.

 Conclusion:

The WiMAX helps the widespread broadband wireless access by creating a brand forth technology. WiMAX will achieve a peak by getting Portable Internet a reality. When WiMAX chipsets are connected laptops and other portable devices, it will provide high-speed data services extending limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas.

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Technical Student Seminar on Underwater Wireless Communication is a flourishing research field of wireless communications. Applications like oceanographic data collection, AUVs(autonomous underwater vehicles),underwater radio, transmission of video and audio signals by real time monitoring emphasized to overcome the present limitations.

Wireless is a used to describe the telecommunication with which the electromagnetic waves carry the signal over the communication path. The signals are not radio signals as electromagnetic waves propagate at a short distance so acoustic waves are used that propagate at a long distance. To overcome some impediments, here is an existence of underwater wireless communication. Necessity of underwater wireless system includes temporary experiments, breaking of wires, significant cost for deployment, and experiment over long distances.

Acoustic modems employ advanced modulation scheme and channel equalization to combat multiple paths to have improved signal to noise ratio. A high performance error detection and correction coding scheme is employed which reduces the bit error rate to less than 10-7. Parts of an acoustic modem are DSP board (Digital Signal Processing Board), AFE board (Analog Front End Board), and DC/DC converter.

Underwater networks consist of a number of sensors and vehicles which are deployed to do collaborative monitoring tasks on a given area. There is a traditional approach for ocean bottom monitoring is to deploy underwater sensors which record data and then recover the instruments. With this method, real time monitoring is not possible and failures happen. It can overcome by connecting underwater instruments with the help of wireless links.

Conclusion:

Beside development of the underwater wireless communication, there is an immense scope. Hence more research of the ocean bottom still remains unexploded. Therefore, the main objective about this emerging field is to overcome the present limitations such as the environmental effects on the noise performance of acoustic systems. It is highly affected by heterogeneities of the water column, variations of sound velocity versus depth, temperature and salinity, multiple and random sea reflections and significant scattering by fish, bubble clouds and plankton.

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A wireless revolution has entered into our daily routine lives and is becoming wireless. The broadband access continues to escalate worldwide and lower-bandwidth wire line methods failed to accomplish the use for higher bandwidth integrated data and voice services. WiMAX is radio technology that provides two-way Internet access at various megabits per second with ranges of many miles.

 The Worldwide Interperability For Microwave Access WiMAX technology can challenge DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and cable broadband services and it provides similar speeds and is less expensive to set up. WiMAX provides fixed, nomadic, portable and, eventually, Mobile wireless broadband connectivity without Direct line-of-sight with a base station.

 WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interperability For Microwave Access. It ensures that broadband wireless radios use interoperates from vendor to vendor which is manufactured for customer. It is a new standard developed by the IEEE. It focuses to solve the problems of point to multipoint broadband outdoor wireless networks. It has various applications which have connectivity for homes and businesses and backhaul for wireless hot spots.

 WiMAX is a wireless technology which is faster and has a longer range than Wi-Fi. However, WiMAX does not conflict with Wi- Fi. It is designed to co-exist with it and extends to flavors of wired ethernet (IEEE 802.3), token ring (IEEE 802.5) and non- IEEE Standards.

 here are two layers addressed in the standard. They are the physical (PHY) and the media access control (MAC) layer design. It provides good coverage and good quality of service.

 Conclusion:

 For portable/nomadic, WiMAX systems will give a better performance, interference rejection, multipath tolerance, high data quality of service support (data oriented MAC, symmetric link) and lower future equipment costs i.e., low chipset complexity, high spectral efficiencies. Hence, WiMAX complements existing and emerging 3G mobile and wire line networks. It plays an important role to provide service and deliver converged service offerings.

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Description: The research paper Distributed Computer Systems Final Sem Btech Presentation explains what grid computing is. It also explains what distributed computing is in a related context. Distributed computing involves a network of computers that share information in a highly transparent environment. Distributed compute has an independent processor and a networked environment. The research paper suggests that communication between processes using message passing technologies is the basis of distributed computing. Distributed computing is a connected network which although looks like a single coherent system. Distributed computing comprises many lightweight software components which are installed over the user’s systems and one or more dedicated computing systems. The distributed computing system is so interactive that it notifies when the system is idle. It also suggests/requests an application package. The application runs on the server without impacting the regular procedures of the computer.

The servers play an important role in distributed computing. They break larger information in smaller understandable chunks. The servers send application packages and also other relevant software packages like client management software to idle machines which might request them. The server sends such packages to several systems some of which might be switched out and idle at a time.

Distributed Computing might be useful in resolving complex problem pertaining to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Structural Dynamics (using Finite Element Method), Environmental and Biological Modeling – human genome project, pollution and disease control, traffic simulation, weather and climate modeling, Economic and Financial modeling,

• Graphics rendering for visualization

• Network Simulation – telecommunications, power grid etc. Distributed computing also helps in solving storage related problems in the domain of Data Mining, Image Processing, Seismic data analysis, insurance analysis etc.

Conclusion: The research paper ends on a note that distributed computing is a very attractive and cost effective method of computing. There will be a good rise in the quality of applications using distributed computing.

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Description: The research paper Distributed Packet Switching for LAN Ethernet Seminar Report speaks on Distributed packet Switching for Local Area Network (LAN).The research paper suggests that Ethernet is a contention media access method that allows all the hosts of a network share a link in a secure way. Ethernet has gained popularity because of its relatively easier integration into an existing system. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are comparatively more popular versions. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) allows sharing of bandwidth evenly without having to share with any other device. Such a thing has been designed to avoid collision when data is shared among various end users or nodes. CSMA/CD allows a secure transmission. Bridges and routers prevent effective transmission being carried out through the entire network.

How does CSMA/CD Protocol Work: Whenever there is a transmission process the host checks whether there is any blockage in the pathway? If there isn’t any the host goes about transmitting. The process doesn’t end here, the protocol keeps tracking if there is any transmission simultaneously from another host. If there is any interruption like that the protocol blocks it to facilitate smooth transmission once again. If there are multiple signals then also the protocol blocks. The hosts have to wait for the transmission, but until then there would be a timeout.

Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situations: With a connection from a switch to a host, with a connection from a switch to a switch, with a connection from a host to a host using a crossover cable.

Conclusion: Thus Ethernet plays a very effective role in secure transmission. It doesn’t allow multiple transmission and blocks interrupting transmissions until there’s a time out.

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Automation of Cars Description:

The research paper Automation of Cars- Embedded Systems Seminar For Electronics Students speaks about Automation of cars using the embedded systems. The research paper first and foremost explains what an embedded system is. It suggests that embedded as the name itself suggests is the integration of computing elements into modern electronic gadgets and machines. It is a way to make the machines think and work intelligently.

It is also about integrating various functions into a stereotype machine. Embedded system is a PC in a fridge, a car or a door or for that matter any other instrument with an enhance and intelligent communication behavior. AN embedded system is a PC that is ‘function-specific’ and that cannot take up all the additional works of a computer.

Autonomous vehicle or an intelligent car, a car that thinks has been a dream project of scientists since times immemorial. With embedded systems now catching up like wild fire the dream is now almost attainable. The research envisages an automated car by virtue of embedded systems that can zoom past the bridges, tunnels, bazaars, and many more places without going against the traffic rules at least once.

All the driver needs to do is sit in an Automation of Cars that is thoroughly and perfectly programmed to carry him/her to his/her destination. The car could be user specific too. The car would just start when the driver touches the steering with his finger. The finger print recognition which is a breakthrough is definitely a means of securing the car and protecting it against the predating car thieves.

An automated car like this would run without any human intervention, Mobile operated car is one fine example to get idea about car automation in present embedded system technology. The Geo positioning satellite (GPS) will give the car necessary information geography per second.

Conclusion of Automation of Cars:

The research paper suggests that the autonomous car is no more a distant dream and it is a reality. Technology should aim at designing more and more of such cars that will drastically cut short the rate of accidents across the world. What else these Automation of Cars are more disciplined too.

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Description: The research paper Embedded System Design and Challenges talks about the inherent difficulties that prevent effective design of embedded systems. It talks about the challenges faced by the domain and means of overcoming them. The complexity of the machine and the required chip design and the ever widening gap between the two is one potential reason for the design dysfunction of embedded systems. To reduce this gap in design productivity a number of propositions have been made in high-level modeling and validation.

Particularly advances have been made in ‘Abstraction and Reuse ` and ‘Structured design methods `. Structured design methods are Component-Based Design and Platform Based Design. There are many trends for design embedded system. Out of that highly programmed platform and UML for embedded software development are recent one. In unified embedded system development methodology, these two can be combined. Though these two concepts are powerful in their own right, their combination magnifies the effective gain in productivity and implementation.

The primary challenge of embedded systems is that it has to bring in the functionality of all the processes over a single chip. This is called System on Chip; only then this will be embedded in a hardware component facilitating a specific function of the electronic gadget or instrument. SOC consist of a range of building blocks from processors, memory, to communication and networking elements. There may be top down or bottom up approach to building an application in SOC.

Conclusion: Component Composition Framework is an exciting breakthrough that to a very great extent answers the challenges posed by embedded systems. The research paper also talks about the BALBOA Frameworks. Besides these there are many other technical challenges that need to be addressed. For example the research paper talks about reusing the SOC components. A successful installation of CCF will certainly consider better performance of SOCs in coming generations.

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