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This Project Report On Long Hual Optical Fiber Transmission Network report e discusses the development of advanced fibers long-haul applications and current trends in transmission technologies that will influence next generation fibers. The report demonstrate that if the order of QAM is adjusted to maximize the capacity of a given route, there may be a significant degradation in the transmission performance of existing traffic for a given dynamic network architecture.  Further report that such degradations are correlated to the accumulated peak-to-average power ratio of the added traffic along a given path, and that managing this ratio through pre-distortion reduces the impact of adjusting the constellation size of neighboring channels.

An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and technology with the design and application of optical fibers concerns. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic communication networks, the transmissions over greater distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication used. The fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals are used along them with less loss of the trip, and they are also used immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for lighting and are packaged in bundles so they can be used to make images, so that the display in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.

 Project Report On Long Hual Optical Fiber Transmission Network Conclusion:

Selection for long-haul fiber links can be a difficult choice. There are many fiber types is available, and as a set of performance attributes within each category. Composite cables with different attributes are often these networks it is often desirable, as it not only one fiber alternative. In the provision of composite cable it is important to the general appearance system and selects Fiber types that offer the most Flexibility for today’s use and tomorrow.

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The Investigation of Alternators Encountered Harmonics project report aims to obtain the voltage regulation of different alternators under varying loads using one of the many methods available, and use this data to compare and contrast the machine performance in different cases.

The increasing concern about the effects of harmonic distortion and lack of documentation of the problems associated with harmonic synchronous machine. It is important that the work to accelerate in order to understand the effects of harmonics on synchronous machines. The increasing use of power electronics applications is the proportion of non-sinusoidal currents and voltages in networks of public services increases. Nonlinear loads such as arc furnaces and fluorescent lamps have always existed, but were overwhelmed by the line load and engine type resistors. Today are electronic versions of the motors, office and industrial control equipment and lighting more often. As the proportion of non-linear loads has increased, so has the fear of the effect of these charges, and whether it should be limited. Several standardization organizations have or are planning to exhibit the limits for these charges. These limits are based on the impact of these charges. Because of this problem has arisen recently, is still the literature on the impact of waveform distortion contradictory and incomplete.

Conclusion:

The project analyzes the harmonics and development of a suitable filter to minimize them, and by extension, their negative effects. In addition to the voltage regulation under varying loads from various generators to use please contact one of the many methods available and these data, and compare the performance of the machine in different cases. The study is included the misconception that a machine has a high voltage regulator low power shows and are not used in practice to correct. This analysis provides an insight into the practical arrangements will be, and shows a correlation between the voltage requirements and obtain the variation of the applied loads.

Download Investigation of Alternators Encountered Harmonics Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.

This Project Report On Maintenance Of Power Transformer project deals majorly with the performance, commissioning and testing of a transformer. There is a brief introduction to the regular maintenance of the transformer in a substation Renigunta 220/132/33-11 kv. A practical transformer is given here with all the parts and their protective devices. The typical test results are also available.

The transformer is a device that enables the transmission of electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit without any change in frequency. It is coupled electrically and magnetically separated. Actually, the transformer is an electromagnetic energy conversion device, because the energy is converted from the primary first magnetic energy is absorbed and then converted into usable electrical energy. Power transformer is one of the step-up or step down the voltage level on demand without changing the frequency.

At every step, whether the voltage level should have to be increased or decreased we need a transformer. If there is any fault or damage in the transformer then there will be heavy loss to the distribution system. So, periodical maintenance and testing is very important for a power transformer.

The report also explains the details of protection of transformer, principles, safety devices, Pressure relief valve, maintenance of transformer etc. The transformer mainly works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux.

 Project Report On Maintenance Of Power Transformer Conclusion:

Power transformer is very important in the transmission and it must be monitored closely followed by their state during operation. In order to take remedial measure at appropriate times to avoid errors and increase reliability of service of the transformer. Hence the above tests which are detailed in this project would essential, if evaluated/ assessed, indicate the condition of the insulation which plays a major role for the service of power transformer and suggest the steps to be taken avoid the failure.

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This Project Report On High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) report presents an overview of the existing high altitude platform (HAP) systems, and analyzes their application on different network types, such as two way (hybrid) communication networks, intelligent transportation systems, environmental monitoring, etc. Since HAPs have specific inherent advantages, their use can be widespread in future applications and networks. This paper focuses on the technological issues that are related to HAP systems and the possible ways through which they can be interconnected to other networks (terrestrial or satellite).

High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) is the name of a technology for providing wireless narrowband and broadband telecommunication services as well as broadcasting services with either airships or aircrafts. The HAPS are operating at altitudes between 3 to 22 km. HAPS shall be able to cover a service area of up to 1’000 km diameter, depending on the minimum elevation angle accepted from the user’s location. The platforms may be airplanes or airships (essentially balloons) and may be manned or un-manned with autonomous operation coupled with remote control from the ground. HAPS mean a solar-powered and unmanned airplane or airship, capable of long endurance on-station possibly several years. For future telecommunications operators such a platform could provide blanket coverage from day one with the added advantage of not being limited to a single service. Where little or unreliable infrastructure exists, traffic could be switched through air via the HAPS platform. Technically, the concept offers a solution to the propagation and rollout problems of terrestrial infrastructure and capacity and cost problems of satellite networks.

Project Report On High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) Conclusion:

The channel model with three states, allows a better representation than the model with only two states. In the case of three states, the conditions could be severe, and the use a code modulation is recommended. This model could be used to modulate systems with more than three states and to simulate some different operational conditions.

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The main objectives of this Health Prediction of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Fuzzy Logic report are to perform fault analysis on an induction motor using both experiments and simulation, and to study failure identification techniques applied for condition monitoring of the motor and finally to design an On-line condition monitoring system with fuzzy logic controller using Lab View. This report was divided into two phases. The phase one was concerned with the modeling of three-phase induction motor in three phase reference frame using and designing an intelligent system for condition monitoring of the motors. The phase two concerned with the implementation of On-line condition monitoring system through Lab View.

3-phase induction motor has a central role to play in the industry, and there is a strong demand for their reliable and safe operation. They are generally reliable, but not wear out eventually. Faults and failures of the asynchronous motor can lead to excessive downtimes and generate large losses in terms of maintenance and lost profits. Induction motors are critical components in many industrial processes. Therefore, online monitoring of induction motors is becoming increasingly important. The biggest difficulty with this task is the lack of a precise analytical model to a faulty motor with different types of errors, as described winding fault. To model shorted stator turns, the model that one of the two strands in series, only the healthy part and the part was closed. This work presents a reliable method for the detection of stator winding faults based on monitoring the stator current amplitudes. With this method, fuzzy logic is used to make decisions about the engine condition. The fuzzy system can identify stator condition with high accuracy.

Conclusion:

This application allows fast failure state estimation. The more detailed investigation to point out the difficult conditions of the machine under different stator fault conditions of induction motor can be performed. This is a highly versatile technology for condition monitoring and fault analysis of motors. It solves the shutdown Problems and ensures safe working environment in continuous process industry.

Download Health Prediction of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Fuzzy Logic Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.

The aim of this Generator Protection in BPCL- Ochire finery Using Numerical Relay project report was to analyze and upgrade the existing generator protection system in BPCL-Kochi Refinery, Kochi. Power generation occupies the prime place in power system. Industrial and commercial power system may include generator as a local source of energy. These generators supply all or part of the total energy required or they provide emergency power in the event of a failure of the normal source of energy.

In power system consist of generators, motors, transformers etc; it is inevitable that sooner or later some fault may occur. When a fault occurs it must be immediately detected and the faulty equipment must be disconnected from the system. If fault are not detected it may cause unnecessary interruption of service to the customers and damage to other connected equipments. Generally fuse performs the function of detection and interruption but it is limited only to low voltage circuits but for high voltage circuits, Relays and circuit breakers are used. So protection must detect faults and abnormal working conditions and isolate the faulty working conditions and isolate the faulty equipment so as to limit damage caused by fault energy and to limit effect on rest of the system. Thus, protective relaying is one of several features of system design concerned with minimizing damage to equipment and interruptions to service when electrical failures ‘ occur. The relays help to minimize damage and improve service. It will be evident that all the mitigation features are dependent on one another for successfully minimizing the effects of failure. Therefore, the capabilities and the application requirements of protective-relaying equipment’s should be considered concurrently with the other features.

Conclusion:

The aim of this project report was conducted in BPCL-Kochi Refinery on generator protection system. The existing protection system was considered and depending upon the need, a new method of generator protection using Numerical relay was implemented.

Download Generator Protection in BPCL- Ochire finery Using Numerical Relay Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.

The Generation of Electricity Using Tidal Power EEE Report is also explaining the c categories of tidal power; Tidal power can be classified into three main types that are Tidal stream generator, Tidal barrage and Dynamic tidal power.

These days our very actions and consumer power is hurting our planet Earth. Pollution, smog, littering, and most notably of recent times to emerge is the threat of Global Warming. Remarkably society has shifted in attitude, with actions and research being conducted to clean the mess created. The frontrunner idea on how we can have a cleaner future is based on how we harvest our energy. Engineers are looking into Wind, Solar, Nuclear, and Hydro power. The technology around these is still developing and is unpredictable with some having hazardous effects. A smart choice may be Tidal Power.

•           Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to windmills that use moving air. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower cost and lower ecological impact compared to barrages.

•           Barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary, and suffer from very high civil infrastructure costs, a worldwide shortage of viable sites, and environmental issues.

•           Dynamic tidal power exploits a combination of potential and kinetic energy: by constructing long dams of 30–50 km in length from the coast straight out into the sea or ocean, without enclosing an area.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Tidal energy has the potential to be a leading energy source with the right leadership. Comparing the two systems, Tidal Stream is more of a wise choice than Tidal Barrage. The new major projects to be built for the next 20 years around the world will be the key test.

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Project Report On Flexibleac Transmission Systems (Facts): The philosophy of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) is used to control electronic devices to be used for the flow of energy in the public transport network control at full capacity. FACTS are one of the best ways to reduce the need for construction of new over head transmission lines is to increase power flow over existing lines.

Without electricity, modern society would cease to function. As the volume of power transmitted and distributed increases, so do the requirements for a high quality and reliable supply. At the same time, rising costs and growing environmental concerns make the process of building new power transmission and distribution lines increasingly complicated and time-consuming. Making exciting lines as well as new ones more efficient and economical then become a compelling alternative.

The definition of FACTS is defined by ‘IEEE’ as power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and power transfer capability.

The benefits of the Flexibleac Transmission Systems (FACTS) are as follows:

• A Rapidly Implemented Installations

• Increased System Capacity

• Enhanced System Reliability

• Improved System Controllability

• Seamless System Interconnections.

Project Report On Flexibleac Transmission Systems (Facts) Conclusion:

It is envisaged that in future FACTS devices could be installed on wide scale by electrical utilities in an attempt to control the power flows through their networks. Concern has been expressed that such wide scale application of FACTS devices could cause conflict between the control systems of the different devices Using the advanced solid state technology, FACTS controllers offer flexibility of system operation fast and reliable control. They better utilization of existing power generation and transmission facilities without comprising system availability and security .The planner has to select controller out of the set of FACTS controllers, for improving the system operation based on cost benefit analysis.

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This Flexible Display EEE Project Report focuses on ecological and economic aspects of the flexible display along with some technical aspects and applications. The basic operation of the display is discussed, and some of its main implementations, and parallel developments. The core of the problem is an analysis of economic and environmental impacts of the above applications.

A durable and flexible display with low power consumption, high contrast, a technical challenge for years. They have robust compliance by low weight, and in some cases, portable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and / or inkjet technology offers the possibility of inexpensive and high-throughput roll-to roll production opened and showed the potential to replace the paper today.

The advantages of flexible display are as follows:

•Much faster response time,

•Consumes significantly less energy

• Able to display “true black” picture.

• Wider viewing angles.

•Thinner display.

•Better contrast ratio.

•Safer for the environment.

• Has potential to be mass produced inexpensively.

The disadvantages of flexible display are as follows:

•Constraints with life span.

•Easily damaged by water.

•Limited market availability.

Conclusion:

Because the components and manufacturing processes mature flexible electronics, the concept of flexible flat panel display is finally a reality. Flexible displays offer tremendous advantages over conventional flat panel displays, such as low weight, durability, low power consumption, mobility, etc. In particular, OLED displays offer bright sharp images at wide viewing angles and bright light are, however, difficult to encapsulate.

Gyricon and electro phoretic displays have thin form factors and can be viewed at a great range of angels, but their high resolution displays still require development. LCD displays are already mature, but making the sandwich-structured device flexible is still challenging. Once technical difficulties are overcome and roll to roll processing becomes feasible, flexible flat panel displays will widely commercialize and enter.

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The Project Report On Energy Saving Through Counter is about Energy saving through counter. Most of the energy we use today comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. They are fossil fuels. They take millions of years to form. We can’t make more quickly. They are non renewable. We need to save energy. A good way to save energy is by not wasting things. Don’t use paper plates or cups all the time. You only use them once and then throw them away. Write on both sides of your paper. Use a lunch box and thermos instead of paper bags and box drinks.

Present project is designed using AT89S52 microcontroller to count the number of person present in the room and to save the energy used by the appliances. The project utilizes the IL74 optocoupler which is used to detect the visitors. If a person enters in the room then optocoupler will detect the person and the buzzer will generate a sound and there will be an increment in the number of person on the LCD. LCD used in our project is JHD162A which is used to display the number of person. If a person leaves the room then optocoupler will detect the person and buzzer will generate a sound and there will be a decrement in the number of person. On the basis of number of person, different appliances like bulbs, fans, A.C., T.V. etc. can be switched on/off automatically by using relays. A relay is an electrically controllable switch. It allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage sources. Relay used in our project is electromagnetic relay.

 Project Report On Energy Saving Through Counter Conclusion:

In conclusion we can say that, when there will be no person in the room then no device will work. Devices will work only on basis of no. of person present in the room. Thus, this project not only counts the no. of person, it also saves the energy used by the appliances.

Download Project Report On Energy Saving Through Counter.