Category: Electrical Projects

This Project Report On Transformer Overload Alert will attempt to design and fabricate over current protection relay using PIC micro controller. The PIC micro controller will cause the circuit breaker to trip when the current from load current reaches the setting value in the PIC micro controller.

But this project, the ON / OFF timings of the various machines working with RTC IC microcontroller to run it. Then the decisions will be taken over with the help of the microcontroller and associated software. The microcontroller block is playing a major role in this project work. The micro controller chip used in this project work is PIC 16F877A and this is like heart of the project work. The PIC 16F877A microcontroller is a 40-pin IC. The entire project was developed in embedded systems. A system is something that keeps its existence and functions as a whole through the interaction of its parts. E.g. Body, Mankind, access control, etc. A system is a part of the world, that to choose one person or a group of people during some time interval and for a specific purpose, to consider in its entirety, consisting of interconnected components, each component of properties marked as relevant to the selected destination.

Project Report On Transformer Overload Alert Conclusion:

The transformer was monitored and controlled by using pic controller. The practical ability for overload protection of transformers exists in most numerical transformer protection relays available today. These functions should be applied, as the functions help reduce the accelerated aging of power transformers during overload conditions at very low cost and at low effort. This project can be enhanced to set the timing through PC using RF wireless communication. Because now a day most of the people doing work with PC and by suing the same PC with combination of RF communication we can do different schedule for each and every appliances and machines in day wise, week wise, month wise and year wise by utilizing the same RTC PCF 8583.

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This Project Report On Static Converter For Railway starts with by explaining the details about Electric Loco Shed. Electric Loco Shed maintains locomotive for utilization in freight and passenger train. All the miner and major inspection are carried out in the shed on a regular schedule specified by RDSO (Research Design Standard Organization).

The Static Converter provides an artificial means by which a three-phase motor can be operated from a single-phase supply thereby offering a cost-effective solution to this dilemma. In most instances, no modification to the machine is necessary.

The first Static converter was used in WCAM – 3 locomotives jointly developed by RDSO and BHEL in 1997. The Static Converter converters the DC / AC voltage into 3 phase 415 volts for running auxiliary machines. This converter was supplied by ACEC. In late 19s, SIEMENS provided 8 nos 180 KVA Static Converter in conventional Locomotive at ELS / NCR / CNB. Presently CLW manufactures only Static Converter fitted locomotive and till date, the total population of Static Converters fitted locos are more than 750.  Advantages of Static Converter

i.          Very steady output voltage with maximum regulation of ± 5%.

ii.         All the three phases’ output voltages are balanced resulting in balanced supply to the loads.

iii.        Very high system efficiency.

iv.        Soft starting of loads possible resulting in reduced system over loading.

v.         In-built fault management system with storage of faults and traces.

vi.        Various problems of auxiliary machines are reduced due to regulated and balanced supply voltage.

Project Report On Static Converter For Railway Conclusion:

Static frequency converters are today the equipment of choice for the links that exchange energy between railway power supplies and national electricity grids. Further development of the semiconductor elements, which are connected in series, plus a new type of Gate Unit, made the high rating and the good economy of the link possible.

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This Project Report On Sound Operated Switch Using A Simple Transistor Circuit presents the design of a clap activated switch device that will serve well in different phonon-controlled applications, providing inexpensive key and at the same time flee from false triggering. This involves the design of various sages consisting of the pickup transducer, low frequency, audio low power and low noise amplifier, timer, bi stable and switches. It also consists of special network components to prevent false triggering and ensure desired performance objectives. A decade counter IC serves the bi stable function instead of flip-flop, special transistor and edge triggering network for low audio frequency.

The primary purpose of switch is to provide means for connecting two or more terminals in order to permit the flow of current across them, so as to allow for interaction between electrical components, and to easily isolate circuits so as to terminate this communication flow when need be. The motivating force behind this design is based on the desire to alleviate the problem faced by the aged and physically challenged persons in trying to control some household appliances. It also takes into considerations the illiterates that may have problems operating some “complex” hand-held Remote Control Units (RCUs). Therefore this report provides an introductory study on the basic principles involved in utilizing acoustic energy to control switching process. This is achieved by converting the energy generated by the “handclap” into electrical pulse, which is in turn used to drive an electronic circuitry that includes a relay, which in turn switches ON/OFF any appliance connected through it to the main. The device is activated by clapping twice within a set time period that is determined by a time constant (RC) component value in the circuit.

 Project Report On Sound Operated Switch Using A Simple Transistor Circuit Conclusion:

The clap activated switching device function properly by responding to both hand claps at about three to four meter away and finger tap sound at very close range, since both are low frequency sounds and produce the same pulse wave features. The resulting device is realizable, has good reliability and it’s relatively inexpensive.

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Project Report On Solar Power Water Pumping System: The performance of a solar water pumping system is discussed in this report; the system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a permanent magnet (PM) DC motor and a helical rotor pump. The operation of the PV array is analyzed using PSPICE. The efficiency of the system is improved with a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and a sun-tracker. Simulation and field test results are presented.

The main advantage is that the sunlight is intense, when the demand for irrigation is high. In addition to the solar energy available at the time of use so that the independent farmers or fuel supply of electrical cables. Solar pumps have the potential to revolutionize small-scale irrigation in developing countries in the near future. The technical feasibility of solar energy (photovoltaic) established. The pumps were important limiting factor is the high cost and lack of familiarity with the technology they require a concerted effort in the training of technicians and large-scale introduction in a region with already adequate technical assistance . However, incentives and initiatives, the payments to be made by multinational companies / authorities of the scheme in rural areas for small-scale irrigation systems in remote rural areas where electrification is an expensive affair spread.  The system model is the introduction of solar water pumps and irrigation systems to help provide sustainable development for farmers in the United Nations or in rural areas electrified. Various agencies and financial institutions are to assist in the development of credit-control to target rural area without electricity.

Project Report On Solar Power Water Pumping System Conclusion:

In conclusion, photovoltaic power for irrigation is cost competitive with traditional energy sources for small ,remote applications, if the total system design and utilization timing is carefully considered and organized to use the solar energy as efficiently as possible. In future, when the prices of fossil fuels rise and the economic advantages of mass production reduce the peak watt cost of the photovoltaic cell, Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy.

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This  Project Report On Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector explains about construction and fabrication procedure of solar cooker. A solar cooker needed no wood – just sun! With this in mind, dozens of research institutes developed solar cookers. It can also replace the traditional stoves burnt on firewood in remote parts of our country thus retaining our forests and ecological biodiversity. Foraging for fuel wood is a demanding task that reduces the time women and children have for school and profitable work too. The fossil fuels damage the environment and we are dangerously close to exhausting them completely .The solar energy options are therefore becoming more attractive.

The need to cook food for nourishment is fundamental to nearly every society and requires the expenditure of energy in some form. Solar energy can be harnessed to meet this need without the environmental and health problems associated with most other fuels. There are a wide variety of devices designed to capture the sun’s energy and harness it for cooking food; unfortunately, it is often difficult to compare these devices to one another. The use of solar energy to cook food presents a viable alternative to the use of fuel wood, kerosene, and other fuels traditionally used in developing countries for the purpose of preparing food. While certainly, solar cookers cannot entirely halt the use of combustible fuels for food preparation, it can be shown that properly applied, solar cooking can be used as an effective mitigation tool with regards to global climate change, deforestation, and economic debasement of the world’s poorest people.

 Project Report On Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector Conclusion:

Cooking with solar energy remains a fuel-saving technique, which can provide definite help in situations of fuel scarcity. Solar cookers and especially cooking boxes can be successfully locally made. However, the introduction of a new way of cooking results in radical changes in the rhythm of life in a community.

Download Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report On Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector.

Project Report On Solar Based Led Lighting Scheme: Solar Energy has long been the Holy Grail of the Non-Conventional energy sources. Many stupendous efforts have been exerted in an attempt to harness this free and simple form of energy for common man .This energy can be used as an alternative for electrical energy. The basic and major obstacle has been the huge infrastructure cost required initially.

Solar energy systems are less efficient use of solar energy for conventional lighting scheme is of little use. So to find an alternative to the conventional lighting scheme we thought of replacing it by LED lighting scheme. So we hope that this will protect a small but important step to increase the use of non-conventional energy sources and also for the global environment, reduce the burden on conventional electricity grid will be presented along with many other benefits.

LED is a light emitting semiconductor diode that emits light. LEDs are most often used in the form of an indicator light in electronic devices, traffic signal lights, musical instruments and dashboards in cars and in houses etc. The nature of the light emitted can be visible, infrared or ultraviolet.

Benefits of using LED light bulbs over standard light bulbs are traditional incandescent light bulbs waste up to 80% of its energy in the form of heat that they produce. LED light bulbs on the other hand save that energy since heat emission is minimal. For example, you may replace a 40 watts standard light bulb with a 4 watt LED bulb that emits same light output.

 Project Report On Solar Based Led Lighting Scheme Conclusion:

With the help of advanced techniques one can vary intensity of the bulbs smoothly so that they offer only the required amount of intensity and avoid unnecessary wattage loss. Solar Tracking Servo Mechanism, if applied will enhance the efficiency of the panel to a greater level. Bulb casings can be made of some kind of environmentally degradable materials.

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This Project Report On Schmitt Trigger presents a Schmitt trigger. Schmitt trigger is a wave shaping circuit used for generation of a square wave from a sine wave input .It is a bi stable circuit in which two transistor switches are connected regenerative. If the two transistors are Q1 and Q2 ,when Q1 is ON then Q2 is OFF or when Q2 is ON then  Q1 is  at OFF position.

Schmitt trigger consists of two identical transistors Q1 and Q2 coupled through an emitter resistor Re. Resistors R1 and Rb2 form a voltage divider across vc1 and ground. This provides a small forward bias to the base –emitter junction of transistor Q2. When the supply is switched ON, with no input signal, transistor Q2 starts conducting. The rise in current (Ie) of Q2causes a voltsge drop across Re ,i.e. Vre = IeRe. This voltage provides a reverse bias across the emitter-base junction of Q1 and it is driven into cut-off state. Since Q1 is in OFF state, the voltage at its collector rises to Vcc since the collector of Q1 is coupled to base of Q2 through the resistor R1, the forward bias for the transistor Q2 is increased. Thus Q2 is driven into saturation.

1. Schmitt trigger is used for wave shaping circuits.

2. It can be used for generation of a rectangular wave form with sharp edges from a sine wave or any other wave forms.

3.    It can be used as a voltage comparator.

4.      Schmitt trigger is used as amplitude comparator. It identifies the moment at which any arbitrary waveform attains a particular reference level.

 Project Report On Schmitt Trigger Conclusion:

A new Schmitt trigger circuit, which is implemented by low-voltage devices to receive the high-voltage input signals without gate-oxide reliability problem, is proposed. The new proposed circuit, which can operated in a 3.3-V signal environment without suffering high-voltage gate-oxide overstress, been fabricated in a 0.13-μm 1/2.5-V 1P8M CMOS process. The experimental results have confirmed that the measured transition threshold voltages of the new proposed Schmitt trigger circuit are about 1 and 2.5 V, respectively. The new proposed Schmitt trigger circuit is suitable for mixed-voltage input-output interfaces to receive input signals and reject input noise.

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This Project Report On Remote-Controlled-Screw-Jack aim for the following: Arrange & modify the conventional cylindrical lifting jack by putting extra ring in the center to grip the v belt assembly. Control the jack by remote. To arrange & modify the 12V big D.C. Motor by adding ‘v belt’ pulley at the output shaft. To construct an angle iron based structure to hold the entire assembly.

An electrically operated screw-type jack comprising a support base, a housing, a jack body, a lifting ram which is contained in the jack body, a servo motor which is contained in the housing, reduction gears for transmitting the driving power of the motor to lifting ram, a safety device prevent the motor and the power transmitting mechanism from an abrupt failure due to overloading, and a square head pin for conventional hand operation of the jack when the jack is overloaded. The safety device consists of a clutch disk, a clutch spring and a sleeve. The reduction gears consist of first sun and planet gears, second sun and planet gears and a sun gear cylinder. The remote is used for control the jack from distance. in case of heavy object the jack can be operated remotely. No need to control manually.

Remote-Controlled-Screw-Jack was first used in military fire-control and marine navigation equipment. Today servomechanisms are used in automatic machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas, and remote control airplanes, automatic navigation systems on boats and planes, and antiaircraft-gun control systems. Other examples are fly-by-wire systems in aircraft which use servos to actuate the aircraft’s control surfaces, and radio-controlled models which use RC servos for the same purpose. Many autofocus cameras also use a servomechanism to accurately move the lens, and thus adjust the focus.

Project Report On Remote-Controlled-Screw-Jack Conclusion:

The jack can be operated remotely. Can used by physically handicap persons to lift car or other things. Can used in workshop or by personal use. No need of human effort. Jack can control both remotely as well as manually. Heavy things can lift easily. These are designed especially for heavy duty shop applications and are used widely in the automotive industry.

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This Project Report On Real Time Operation Of Circuit Breakers addresses two important issues: a) how improved CB monitoring may be implemented in real-time, and b) what would be the benefits of such an implementation.

Circuit Breakers (CBS) are very important elements in the network. They are used to control other devices within and out-of-service switches. Breakers must be reliable, because their false cause significant problems with the network operation and control to protect. The current practice of monitoring circuit breaker operation and status in real time is the use of remote terminal units (RTU) of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to evaluate CB-reduced state. More detailed information about the control loop performance can be gained testers usually for maintenance diagnostics by CB. The results in this paper are from two research projects sponsored by Center point Energy and DOE-CERT in the development of software for the automated analysis of data from CB and the other to be financed out of the development of the CB data acquisition unit or target. The paper focuses on a prototypical implementation of a real time-CB-monitoring system described. The system consists of a new CB IED monitoring of data collection, gathered in the breaker and information about the operation in real time. The CB-PC files on the concentrator, where the application software enables the automatic analysis and makes an assessment of the operational status of the transfer switch. The software is based on signal processing and expert system processing. Application example based on actual field data is discussed, the report ends with some conclusions, acknowledgments and a list of references.

Project Report On Real Time Operation Of Circuit Breakers Conclusion:

The new CBMA system for real-time monitoring and assessment of circuit breaker operations provides for better understanding of condition and operating performance of each individual breaker by monitoring and analyzing expanded set of analog and digital signals from circuit breaker control circuitry.

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