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Description: The Information Security Research Paper talks about information security. The research paper speaks about the growing need and demand for information security in the ever expanding domain of computer science engineering and related areas. With the rise in technologies like distributed computing, LAN and WAN and e-transactions and smartcards replacing monetary transactions, that are not just money based but are physical features based like retinal scan, facial scan, speech and voice recognition.

Information security is the domain that deals with securing the information from unauthorized, third party access. Information security is the domain that deals with securing the information via encrypting and many other technologies like firewalls and all. The research paper suggests that the persons intruding into the domain of information usually do it to gain unauthorized information, corrupt the program or any other activity that could prove quite devastating to the company’s growth.

The need for information security:

The research paper comments on the need for information security. Many companies, government organizations, hospitals and many many more secure information in a way as to safeguard their organizational and employees’ interests. Information is thus secured in a scenario like this. Should confidential information about a business’s customers or finances or new product line fall into the hands of a competitor, such a breach of security could lead to lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business. Protecting confidential information is a business requirement, and in many cases also an ethical and legal requirement. The research paper suggests that one has to disclose certain amount of personal information be it getting a national identity card or driving license. The information disclosed that way needs to be secured from third party or an unauthorized influence.

Conclusion: The research paper suggests on a note that information security is both an ever growing and never ending process.

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Description: The research paper All about Digital Image Processing talks about Digital Image Processing. It is suggested in the research paper that Digital Image Processing is the technique of manipulating an image for obtaining greater precision. Digital image processing involves mathematical algorithms to alter digital images. Digital images even can be stored in storage devices like Computer or any other CD-ROM and can be altered at a later date. Image processing is widely accepted these days owing to its versatility and cost effectiveness.

Digital Image Processing:

Digital image processing aims at altering the image in lesser time and also less number of times in order to get enhanced clarity of the picture. The research paper also talks about image filtering which involves many CPU cycles. Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographs, traditional analog photographs, or illustrations. Before digital scanners and cameras became mainstream, traditional analog image editing was known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs, or editing illustrations with any traditional art medium.

 What are editing programs:

Due to the popularity of digital cameras, image editing programs are readily available. Minimal programs that perform such operations as rotating and cropping are often provided within the digital camera itself, while others are returned to the user on a compact disc (CD) when images are processed at a discount store. The more powerful programs contain functionality to perform a large variety of advanced image manipulations. Popular raster based digital image editors include Adobe Photo shop.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note that Digital image processing has gained its own importance and significance in this world where precision and clarity of images rule the roost. Digital image processing and its benefits scan over wider domains of agriculture, astronomy and medicine. The images thus captured digitally can be stored in the computer and could be extracted at a later time, not just this the concerned feature could be enhanced and analyzed.

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Description: The research paper Image Processing How it is done suggests what image processing is and how it is achieved. The paper suggests that image processing is the branch of science that manipulates with the images. Image processing helps in improving clarity of image, remove the distorted parts, and combine a few parts to create a new image or highlight certain specific aspects of an image. Color image processing is the area that has been gaining importance lately owing to the increase in the copies of digital images captured.  Two aspects are important for generating digital images: one is the physical device that enables capture an image and second is the digitizer which enables the image to be stored in some storage device like the computer disc or the CD-ROM. Mass storage facilities are a must in image processing procedures.

The storage device could be a PC or a Super Computer. Specific systems catered to the requirement can certainly enhance the quality of the whole process. Owing to image processing bandwidth, networking is one indispensable aspect to the whole thing. The medical industry has been using image processing since a considerable period of time. There is a requirement of high quality images in the field of medicine. Ad hoc techniques have been used to enhance the quality so far. Digital image processing includes the use of mathematical formulate to enhance the quality of images and this has been obtained with commendable precision levels too. CAT, MRY, PET., MSE are some popular technologies used to enhance the quality of the image. The devices thus generated can be stored in the computer so that the doctor could use it later while highlighting the area of his/her interest.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note that no technique is sufficient by itself and sometimes while processing an image several techniques are used simultaneously.

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Description: The research paper Techniques of Image Processing talks about Image Processing and the techniques adopted to obtain better quality images. The first of image processing computes an input image to clean the data base to a reduced set of agreeable matches. As simple shape features are used in screening the image database, this first stage can be performed very fast; this output is then presented to a detailed matcher in the second stage. The research paper suggests that this stage uses a deformable template model to eliminate false matches. The goal of proposed retrieval system is to present to the user a subset of database images that are visually similar to the query. A major challenge is that trademarks that appear to be perceptually similar need not be exactly similar in their shape. In fact, it is extremely difficult to define and capture perceptual similarity. It is extremely difficult for a computer vision system to identify objects in the image.

Techniques of Image Processing:

A system to extract visually similar trademarks from a database of design marks is posited in the research paper. It is suggested in the research paper that the goal of the system is to present to the user all possible similar design marks that resemble in shape to the query trademark. The aim is to build a system with both high speed and accuracy; a hierarchical two-level feature extraction and matching structure for image retrieval is used.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note suggesting that both hedge direction histogram and the seven invariant methods are not sufficient for shape matching. In other words, two dramatically different shapes can have very similar edge direction histograms and invariant moment features, so these shapes are likely to be among the top 10 retrievals; however, the top retrievals also contain some trademarks that seem to be perceptually very different from the query.

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Description: The research paper What is Digital Image Processing Technical Document for Students speaks about Digital Image Processing. The research paper suggests that the image processing procedures depend on  storage, transmission and restoration of image using minimum number of bits without any noticeable trade off in the clarity of the image. Image processing is divided into three major operations.

They are:

1.      Image Compression

2.      Image enhancement and restoration

3.      Measurement extraction.

The research paper elucidates all these major operations of Digital Image Processing at leangth. The purpose of image processing is to digitize an image and make it capable of being stored in a computer disk or CD-ROM. This digitization procedure can be done by a scanner, or by a video camera connected to a frame grabber board in a computer. Once the image has been digitized, it can be operated upon by various image processing operations. The defects that creep in while digitizing can be rectified using the image enhancement and restoration technique. An image with poor contrast can be rectified using an image histogram. The research paper comments on image acquisition which often leads to image degradation. The Wiener filter is a solution to the restoration problem based upon the hypothesized use of a linear filter and the minimum mean-square (or rms) error criterion.  

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note that the domain of digital image processing is gaining prominence like never before. There could be greater audio, video quality of pictures produced in the future. New tools to enhance the quality will sooner be included in the domain. Audio stream contain extremely valuable data, whose contents is also very rich and diverse. The combination of audio and image techniques, will definitely generate interesting results, and very likely improve the quality of the present analysis. Digital image processing has a long way to go.

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Description: The research paper Retrieval of Trademark Images comments on retrieval of trademark images based on shape. The research paper talks about the need to have shape feature that is able to capture the human perceptual similarity in a better way. To achieve this, an automatic retrieval algorithm needs to be developed and it’s a very difficult task. Considering the amount of time and effort that goes into a manual retrieval, the automatic retrieval algorithm seems to be a better option in many ways.

Image Processing:

 In the research paper is suggested a method for trademark image database retrieval based on object shape information that would supplement traditional text based retrieval system. The proposed system achieves both the desired efficiency and accuracy using a two stage hierarchy: in the first stage simple and easily computable shape features are used to quickly browse through the database to generate a moderate number of possible retrievals when a query is presented and in the second stage, images from the first stage are screened using a deformable template matching process to discard spurious matches.  It is suggested in the research paper that textual features such as filenames, captions, keywords have been used to annotate and retrieve images, but research says that there are many problems associated with these traditional methods. Various schemes have been proposed for shape representation and retrieval. These include shape representation using polygonal approximation of shape and matching using the polygonal vertices, image representation on the basis of strings , comparing the images using the hausdorff distance .  

Conclusion: The research paper concludes upon a note that an effective trademark retrieval algorithm has been developed. Efficiency can be improved by designing a two tier hierarchical retrieval system.

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Description: The research Seminar on Image Processing – Pattern Matching comments on image processing and how pattern matching is done during image processing. Wherein number of calculations for a normalized correlation factor can be reduced thus increasing the speed and processing of pattern matching in digital image processing. In  the  pattern  matching  processing  when  an  insensitive  region  is  set  in  a template image, values  (the sum and the squared sum)  obtained  during  a  previous  operation for  a  prior  search  target  sub-image  are  employed  to  perform  calculations  for  a  current search  target  sub-image ,  relative  to  coordinate  sequence  code  that  indicates  the  start  point  and  the  end  point  of  a  sequence  of  pixels  having values  of  “1.”

What is pattern matching:

The research paper suggests that pattern matching is the method of checking the constituents within a given pattern. In contrast to pattern recognition. This method facilitates easy specification of a pattern. In pattern matching there are either sequences or tree structures. Pattern matching is used to test whether things have a desired structure, to find relevant structure, to retrieve the aligning parts, and to substitute the matching part with something else.

The research paper suggests a point that pattern matching is a powerful tool for syntax analysis. The main idea of pattern matching comes from the SNOBOL4 language (see the wonderful book THE SNOBOL4 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE by R. E. Griswold, J. F. Poage and I. P. Polonsky). Some of the pattern expression atoms and statements were taken from there. One can find that patterns are very similar to the Backus-Naur forms. Comparing with the regular expressions (used by grep and egrep in UNIX) patterns are more powerful, but slower in matching.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note that pattern matching is a perfect tool invented for image processing. The practical benefits of the tool are many.

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Description: The research paper Printing and Image Processing Technical Presentation talks about Printing and Image Processing. The research paper suggests that there have been giant strides made in the field of digital image processing since its inception in early 1960s. The algorithms used in image processing are varied and the user need not restrict himself to a method. This choosing from an array of algorithms gives edge to digital image processing over other traditional methods. Not just this digital image processing is very cheap too. The process of image processing is usually undertaken to enhance the quality of pictures taken and help interpret the significance and other aspects pertaining to information/data and other such things of the image.

Printing and Image Processing:

 It is suggested in the research paper that in the domain of electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as photographs or frames of video; the output of image processing can be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing are also possible.

 What is face detection:

Face detection can be regarded as a specific case of object-class detection; in object-class detection, the task is to find the locations and sizes of all objects in an image that belong to a given class. Examples include upper torsos, pedestrians, and cars. Face detection can be regarded as a more general case of face localization; in face localization, the task is to find the locations and sizes of a known number of faces and it is usually one most of the time.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note that Fuzzy logic could play an important role in enhancing the quality of pictures and determining other aspects of digital image processing.

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