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Secure communication is a significant challenge in ad hoc networks. The MANET paradigm enables communication across networks. Its main feature is that network nodes collaborate for supporting the network functionality.

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Extensions to ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL contains peer-to-peer communicating nodes which are highly mobile. An ad-hoc network lacks infrastructure and topology of the network changes dynamically. The task of routing data from a source to a destination is challenging. Many routing protocols proposed for wireless ad-hoc networks. So we consider a routing protocol called the zone routing protocol (ZRP) which has been proposed for wireless ad-hoc networks with bi-directional links. This zone routing protocol employs a hybrid proactive (table driven) and reactive (on- demand) methodology for having scalable routing in the ad-hoc network.

 A wireless network which transmits from computer to computer is provided by Ad-Hoc network. The peer-to-peer mode operation extends the distance of the wireless network. To access to the Internet, the computer can be connected via wire or wireless to an ISP routing from one node to another on such a “mesh” network typically uses an on-demand routing protocol like PROACTIVE and REACTIVE, which generates routing Information.

 The proliferation of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) introduced new requirements to service discovery. It is a collection of mobile computing devices with wireless network interfaces that connect together dynamically to create a multi-hop wireless network.

 There are many implementations of the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol available for the Linux platform. The AODV protocol has a number of messages that uses for route discovery, route maintenance and repair, and neighbor detection.

 Conclusion:

 ZRP is widely used in wire less technology such as mobiles, laptops, Wi-fi connections, and blue tooth technology. It tries to maintain the most up-to-date map of the network. It is easy to use by every one. It is easy to understand the mechanism. It requires less band width.

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Zigbee Technology CSE Seminar Topic-Idea-Abstract is specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios. The technology is intended to be simpler and cheaper than Blue tooth. ZigBee is the newest specifications which have low data rates, consume very and low power.

 With ZigBee technology, interoperability will be enabled in multi-purpose, self-organizing mesh networks. ZigBee is standard for embedded application software. The bandwidth of Blue tooth is 1 Mbps and ZigBee has one-fourth of this value. ZigBee has low costs and long battery life. ZigBee is meant to cater to the sensors and remote controls market and other battery operated products.

 ZigBee is designed for sensors and remote controls that are many in number. It needs small data packets and extremely low power consumption for long life. There are three different types of ZigBee device. They are ZigBee coordinator (ZC), ZigBee Router (ZR), and ZigBee End Device (ZED).

 The ZigBee Standard has three sets of solutions, called ‘layers’. These layers facilitate the features such as low cost, easy implementation, reliable data transfer, short-range operations, very low power consumption and adequate security features. The three layers are Network and Application Support layer, Physical (PHY) layer, and Media access control (MAC) layer.

The different topologies are star, peer-to-peer, and mesh. There are four frame structures. They are Beacon frame for transmission of beacons, Data frame for all data transfers, Acknowledgment frame for successful frame receipt confirmations, and MAC command frame. Zigbee offers four inherent, beneficial characteristics. They are Low cost, Range and obstruction issue avoidance, Multi source products, and Low power consumption.

Zigbee Technology Conclusion:

ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol which is formulated by the relevant task force. It is the newest and provides specifications for devices which have low data rates, consume very low power thus, characterized by long battery life.

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XML-Web Services CSE Seminar Idea-Abstract: Web services allow applications to share data, invoke capabilities from other applications. Though Web services remain independent, they can link themselves into a collaborating group that performs a particular task. A Web Service is simply an application delivered as a service which is integrated with other Web Services using Internet standards. It is a URL-addressable resource and programmatic returns information to clients. One basic feature of Web Services is that clients do not need to know how a service is implemented.

 Technically, a Web Service is making a remote method call (RPC) where underlying transport is HTTP (internet). The methods are defined in WSDL using XML. The message is transported over HTTP in XML using SOAP protocol. The implementer implements web service with the help of technology like .NET or Java publishes its interface (WSDL) in UDDI (IBM, Microsoft). The user discovers web service (WSDL), and makes a call to the appropriate Method/function.

 An XML Web service is a programmable entity which provides an element of functionality like application logic which is accessible to any number of systems using ubiquitous Internet standards such as, XML and HTTP. XML Web services depend on the broad acceptance of XML and Internet standards for the creation of infrastructure which supports application interoperability that solves the problems.

XML-Web Services CSE Seminar Idea-Abstract Conclusion:

 An XML Web service is used either internally or externally over the Internet by any number of applications. An XML Web service allows heterogeneous systems to work together as a single web of computation because it is accessible through a standard interface. XML Web services provide a viable solution for data and system interoperability. XML Web services use XML-based messaging as a fundamental means of data communication. It helps to bridge the differences exist between systems that use in congruent component models, operating systems, and programming languages.

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XML is a cross platform tool or a language to gain data transfer between the cross platform. It is used to display the data in a formatted matter. It is used to represent the information or data and does not have any capability to perform any tasks on its own. It always requires an application in order to work with the XML documents.

 Rules for writing a Well Formed XML- Extensible Markup Language document are: extension for the file should be XML, XML documents are case sensitive files and hence the tags and the attribute values of the documents should be maintained in proper case, XML document should have at least one root element which can have one or more Child elements. Whenever the XML document is designed based on the DTD file then it is said to be valid XML document.

 Data Type Definitions: It is used to provide the definitions for the data to be used or to be provided in the XML document. Entity: It is used to define a user specific named entities which can be used in the XML document. When ever a named entity is used within a XML document then the value of the named entity will be substituted as a macro substitution within the XML document.

 External DTD Binding, whenever the data type definitions are specified in a DTD file and if it has been explicitly binded to the XML document then it is said to be external DTD binding.

 Conclusion:

 This XML- Extensible Markup Language Seminar PowerPoint presentation describes about XML. It is a cross platform tool or a language to gain data transfer between the cross platform. XML is not a replacement for HTML. Where the definitions of the XML document can be provided using either the Data Type Definitions (DTD) or XML Schema Definitions(XSD) file. For a well formed XML document, it is used for representing the data only. Valid XML document, it is used for representing the data along with its definitions.

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This paper Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wimax) presents the features of the Worldwide for Microwave Interoperability Access     (WiMAX) technology and discussion on comparing Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) with WiMAX. Broadband technology is a need for the population. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have challenges in order to have broadband solutions. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology appeared to be pioneer solution.

 Despite Wi-Fi in LAN solutions, it is used in MAN solutions also with bandwidth, coverage, and power consumption for the promotion of conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard, known as Wireless MAN.

 The WiMAX is described as a standards-based technology that enables wireless broadband access to cable and DSL. WiMAX is not a technology, but rather a certification mark or stamp of approval.

 Based on IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN, WiMAX has common mode of operation, Concentrated in 2- to 11-GHz WMAN and Defines both the MAC and PHY layers. The IEEE 802.16 technical has evolved into three generations. They are IEEE 802.16,   IEEE 802.16-2004, and IEEE 802.16-2005.

 A WiMAX system consists of two parts. One is WiMAX tower and other one is WiMAX   receiver. IEEE 802.16 supports two modes of operation, PMP and PTP. Point-to-point (PTP) link refers to a dedicated link that connects only two nodes, BS and subscriber terminal.

 Topologies are Point-to-multipoint (PMP) and Mesh Topology. Mesh networks are wireless data networks that give the SSs more intelligence than traditional wireless transmitters and receivers.

 Conclusion:

 WiMAX becomes the dominant standard for Wireless MAN networks in today’s world market. The importance of OFDM makes the difference between the 802.16 and 802.16a standard. There are prototypes and development kits using WiMAX standard that are used for education. There are also few products which have been introduced into the market that already contains the WiMAX standard. Market is the key word to take into account. Products need to be delivered as per the market needs.

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The various technologies available so far for wireless transmission of electricity and the use of Wireless System of Energy Transmission are discussed. This Electricity through Wireless Transmission ECE-CSIT Seminar Idea concentrated on Tesla Theory, microwave power transmission (MPT) called Solar power satellite, and highly efficient fiber lasers for wireless power transmission.

 Especially the distribution and transmission losses are the main concern of this present power technology. This power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss defines that system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. The transmission of power without wires can be best alternative for electricity transmission.

 The technologies available are wireless transmission techniques. Induction is an electric toothbrush’s base and handle contain coils which allow the battery to recharge. The electrical transformer has simple action and instance of wireless energy transfer. The primary circuit and secondary circuit of a transformer are not directly connected.

 The energy transfer takes place by electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual induction. An example of this principle is the battery charger of an electric toothbrush. However, the main drawback to induction is the short range. The receiver should be close to the transmitter or induction unit to inductively couple with it.

 Resonant inductive coupling has implications for solving the two problems associated with non-resonant inductive coupling and electromagnetic radiation. One is caused by the other; distance and efficiency. Electromagnetic induction has a principle of a primary coil generating a predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil within the field and so a current is induced within its coils.

 Conclusion:

 The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Wireless transmission have tremendous benefits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90–97% efficient) and can be transmitted in the globe and remove the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations.

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Wireless communication has brought changes to data networking and telecommunication. Broadband Wireless Networks, Wireless LAN’s, mobile radio networks and cellular systems, are together combined to have mobile computing and communications anytime, anywhere.

Wireless Technology Future Scope MCA Seminar Abstract has the capability of reaching every location on the earth. Wireless telephony and messaging services are having domains of personal and business computing. WLANs are based on the IEEE 802.11 standard.

 The term wireless means telecommunication technology with which radio waves, infrared waves and microwaves are used to carry a signal to connect communication devices. Devices include routers, PC air cards, bridges, Bluetooth, infrared, and gaming adaptors, pagers, cell phones, portable PCs, computer networks, location devices, satellite systems and handheld digital assistants. Wireless technology is rapidly ever-increasing area for providing ubiquitous access to the network

 A wireless LAN is used by the mobile user and can connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless radio connection. Wireless technology encompasses notebook computers, laptops, cellular phones, PDA’s (personal digital assistant), and wireless networking. Wireless systems can be divided into fixed, portable, and IR wireless systems. A Fixed wireless system uses radio frequencies that require a line of sight for connection. A Portable wireless system is a device used outside the office, home, or vehicle. An IR wireless system uses infrared radiation to send signals of communication

 Applications of wireless technologies are divided into Voice and messaging, Hand-held and other Internet-enabled devices, and Data Networking. Types of wireless networks are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), and wide area networks (WANs).

Conclusion:

Wireless Technology is in the formation stage and can expect a growth in the wireless industry within the next few years. This growth will be seen in products, services, and within the business industry. Wireless technologies are ubiquitous and the scope of increase in the markets for wireless technologies will be more according to IEEE 802.11

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The number of subscribers for mobile communications has increased much faster than predicted. The majority of traffic is changing from speech oriented communication to multimedia communication with the support advanced and wideband services including e-mail, file transfers and distribution services like radio, TV and software provisioning.

4g Mobile Communications Wireless Mobile Communications PPT focuses on the data-rate increase and new air interface.4G Mobile that converge the advanced wireless mobile communications and high-speed wireless access systems into an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) platform.

Based on this OWA model, 4G mobile will deliver the best business cases to the wireless and mobile industries that is cdma2000/WLAN/GPRS 3-in-1 product, WCDMA/OFDM/WLAN 3-in-1 product, etc. Asia-Pacific is the dynamic market of new generation mobile communications with over $100 Billion businesses in the next decade.

 The 4G mobile technology, convergence of wireless mobile and wireless access, will definitely drive this growth. The wireless system such as 3G, HSDPA, WiMax, etc., will be replaced by open wireless architecture system very soon and can be integrated and converged on this open platform.

 The advent of 4G wireless systems created various research opportunities. The expectations with 4G are high with respect to data rates, spectral efficiency, mobility and integration.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is proving to be technology to be used in 4G. ATLAB to generate the OFDM signal proves that clipping does reduce Peak to Average Ratio.

Refer to project report on Mobile Communication Project:

Wireless Mobile Communication Projects

Conclusion:

The first operational cellular communication system provided voice transmissions. The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network used low-band digital data signaling which is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). The objective of the 3G was to develop a new protocol and new technologies. The 4G framework established to accomplish new levels of user experience and multi-service capacity like GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications, GPRS – General Packet Radio Service, IMT-2000 – International Mobile Communications, Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity, Bluetooth. 4G networks have following properties: Ubiquity, Multi-service platform, and Low bit cost.

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