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In this Project Report On H-Bridge Fed Dc Motor Speed Control are designing the H- Bridge with MOSFETs and controlling the input voltage of the DC motor by PWM technique.PWM is an effective method for adjusting the amount of power delivered to the load. PWM technique allows smooth speed variation without reducing the starting torque and eliminates harmonics. The MOSFET Bridge allows the bidirectional rotation of the DC motor. In PWM method, operating power to the motors is turned on and off to modulate the current to the motor. The ratio of on to off time is called as duty cycle. The duty cycle determines the speed of the motor. The desired speed can be obtained by changing the duty cycle.

The DC motors used in industrial applications have progressively gotten better over the years. Along with this, the way we control these motors has continued to improve. From the old rheostat which gave the way to solid state electronics and then the DCC and there after the PID controller. Due to efficient control methods, DC motors are widely used motors to drive the loads in industry. Among the different control techniques for the DC motor speed control, armature voltage control method using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is the best one. We can realize the PWM control method using a chopper, build with semiconductor switches, such as BJT, MOSFET,  IGBT’s and also using an H-bridge built   with MOSFET, IGBT switches. In our project, we design H-bridge with MOSFETs and control the input voltage of the DC motor using PWM technique. To generate PWM control signals, we use AT89C51 microcontroller, one of the popular 8051 microcontroller family members. According to the user’s required speed, AT89C51 based control circuit generates appropriate PWM pulses.

 Project Report On H-Bridge Fed Dc Motor Speed Control Conclusion:

The speed control of DC motor is successfully achieved by using PWM and MOSFET based H- Bridge. It is practical one and high feasibility according to economic point of view, reliability and accuracy. It is programmable one. Therefore, it can control various motors ranging small one to several hp motors.

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The goal of the Project Report On Energy Harvesting From Passive Human Power is to investigate energy sources to power wearable devices from passive human activity (motion and heat). Electrical energy can be harvested from human motion employing different transducers: piezoelectric materials, variable capacitors, and inductive generators. Thermoelectric generators will be the way to extract electrical energy from the temperature difference between the human body and the environment. Other possibilities in this research area like extracting electrical energy from the temperature difference between the wearable device and the environment or the human body. The difference between every human power source (heat, human walking, arm motion, etc.) gives as result as many sources as possible locations or movements of the human body.

To select the appropriate source is equivalent to select the appropriate motion and location in the human body. Therefore, the first phase in the design of a harvested energy generator is to make an acceleration and temperature of different parts of the body for different activities. The second phase consists in obtaining a software model of the generator from the data obtained in the first phase and the electrical circuit of the transducer. The third phase consists in the design of a converter and/or storage circuit that has to take into account the output signal of the generator and its impedance. A final step of redesign may be necessary in order to adequate the simulations made in the second phase and the real results obtained by a prototype. Advances in low power design open the possibility to harvest energy from the environment to power electronic circuits.

 Project Report On Energy Harvesting From Passive Human Power Conclusion:

 The challenge is to produce small low-energy converters, losing a considerable part on the behavior of otherwise insignificant change and loss of sleep, although the function blocks operate only a fraction of the period of oscillation current. However, a net continuous power output up to a few charging a battery, so that, upon application of a sensor in the power supply, which is often the case, providing the battery easily. The idea is to supplement the system with enough energy over time in order to prolong his life and avoid having to replace an otherwise easily exhaustible battery.

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Electric Locomotives Energy Management MRVC Traction Installation: Indian Railways (IR) is Asia’s largest and world’s second largest network under one management, with a separate Ministry and its own annual budget. The network carried about 17 million Passengers and 2 mt freight every day on the route of 63,327 km (2006-07). Although key business operations are freight and passenger, IR is also engaged in several allied services including parcel, catering and production units.

Nearly 70 percent of IR’s revenues come from the freight operations, which can be segmented into bulk and other cargo. Over the years, IR has predominantly become a bulk freight carrier, accounting for about 94 percent of the freight revenue. Coal alone accounts for nearly half of the bulk traffic carried. Passenger business accounts for nearly 60 percent of IR’s total transport effort, in terms of train kilometers, but yield less than 30 percent of the total revenues. Suburban services account for 57 percent of the originating passengers, while contribute to only 8 percent of the passenger revenue.

To understand the development process of IR’s over the past twenty years, the study covers issues and strategies related to financial and physical aspects of revenue generating freight and passenger traffic from 1987-2007. Study also covers the developments in the parcel, catering and advertising sector.

 Electric Locomotives Energy Management MRVC Traction Installation Conclusion:

From the report, it is quite clear that with the completion of works identified and undertaken by MRVC, the following tangible improvements could be seen: • Increased number of suburban trains for Mumbai commuters. • Social up gradation of 15,000 slum dwellers by resettling them in proper houses. • Up gradation of passenger amenities in suburban trains achieved by provision of ventilation system, GPS based passenger information system, pneumatic suspension for comfortable riding, etc. • 30 per cent energy conservation is obtained through the introduction of regenerative electric braking in EMU trains thus enabling MRVC to obtain Carbon Credits. • Significant reduction in the noise levels in the coaches by provision of low noise compressors and pneumatic.

Download Electric Locomotives Energy Management MRVC Traction Installation Project Abstract.

This Project Report On Design Of Energy System is about Design of energy system. This report gives brief explanation about The Bernoulli Equation. By assuming that fluid motion is governed only by pressure and gravity forces, applying Newton’s second law, F = ma, leads us to the Bernoulli Equation. P/g + V2/2g + z = constant along a streamline (P=pressure g =specific weight V=velocity g=gravity z=elevation).

The incompressible Bernoulli equation is an analytical relationship between pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy. As perhaps the simplest and most useful statement for describing laminar flow, it buttresses numerous incompressible flow models that have been developed to model turbulent flow. It shows that the Theorem of the Mean for Integrals, not the assumption of absolute incompressibility, is the underlying justification for the simplification that makes it possible to derive the Bernoulli equation from the Euler equation. In other words, the assumption of incompressibility is unnecessary and the equation actually represents a compressible relationship. A closer look at their derivation of flow between two disks suggests that the underlying approximations are not entirely consistent with the theory. In other words, the physics of the expansive turbulence model proposes that the divergence of the velocity is positive, which is not what their solution shows.

 Project Report On Design Of Energy System Conclusion:

Both, Bernoulli’s law and the generation of pressure gradients perpendicular to the flow are consequences of Newton’s laws. None of them contradicts those. Bernoulli’s law is insufficient to explain the generation of low pressure. A faster streaming velocity never produces or causes lower pressure. The physical cause of low or high pressure is the forced normal acceleration of streaming air caused by obstacles or curved planes in combination with the Coanda-effect. Pressure gradients generated by the deflection of streaming air can be clearly demonstrated by simple experiments which would substantially improve the discussion of fluid mechanics in schools and textbooks.

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This Project Report On Desertec The Next Gen Green Power is about DESERTEC. The DESERTEC is a concept proposed by the DESERTEC Foundation for making use of solar energy and wind energy. DESERTEC means “Desert and Technology”.  DESERTEC envisages using deserts to erect Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants to generate utility-scale power. Scientists say the global energy crisis can be solved by using desert sun. This would allow a 70 per cent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from electricity production over the period.

Many people think of solar power as a few panels on the roof of a house producing hot water or a bit of electricity. But according to two reports prepared for the German government, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa should be building vast solar farms in North Africa’s deserts using a simple technology that more resembles using a magnifying glass to burn a hole in a piece of paper than any space age technology.

ADVANTAGES:

•           With CSP, less than 1% of the world’s deserts could produce as much electricity as the world is using now. •            The shaded areas under solar collectors are protected against the harshness of direct tropical sunlight. They have many potential uses including horticulture using desalinated sea water. •        Solar electricity may serve as a clean source of power for steel making.

DISADVANTAGES:

•           Centralized solar energy plants and transmission lines may become a target of terrorist attacks. •   Some experts fear that generating so much of the electricity consumed in Europe in Africa would create a political dependency on North African countries which have corruption and a lack of cross-border coordination. • Desertec would require extensive economic and political cooperation.

Project Report On Desertec The Next Gen Green Power Conclusion:

The Desertrec can help to improve relations amongst different groups of people. By alleviating shortages of energy, water, food and usable land, CSP can reduce the risk of conflict over those resources. HVDC grids do not replace existing HVAC grids, they complement them and the losses are only about 3% per 1000 km.

Download Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report On Desertec The Next Gen Green Power.

The main goal of this Density Sensed Street Light Intensity Control to Save Energy is to reduce energy consumption in the streets. According to the existing system, power consumption is more due to the irregular functionalities of the street lights. By using our proposed system, we can take control of energy consumption. be the light in a dark state, when the car crosses the sensor (controller), begins to increase slightly. Brightness of light on the number of vehicles is based; the sensor depends on the cross. when a car crosses the sensor, the light will be bright at least. More than three vehicles at the sensor will be the light at maximum brightness. By the proposed system, we can control the energy consumption of street lighting.

There are two modes in this project for saving power:

1. General mode (For vehicles only)

2. Dim mode (both for vehicles and pedestrians)

 Density Sensed Street Light Intensity Control to Save Energy Conclusion:

This project of Density Sensed Street Light Intensity Control To Save Energy is a cost-effective, practical, environmentally friendly and safest way to save energy. It is clear that addresses two problems the world faces today, energy savings and the elimination of incandescent bulbs, very efficient. According to the statistical data we can store consumes more than 40% of electricity through the streets now. The initial and maintenance costs can be taken on this project. May cost with the advances in technology and good planning, the project resources are cut, and also with the use of a good care team may also be reduced in relation to regular checks. LEDs have a long life, emit a cold light, have the donor no toxic materials and can be used to change quickly. For these reasons, this project has many advantages over the current restrictions can imitate. Given the long-term benefits and the cost would not be a problem since the time of the return on investment is much lower.

Download Density Sensed Street Light Intensity Control to Save Energy Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.

This Project Report On Control Of Dc Fan is about the DC fan and its control, the report provides the detailed explanation of DC fan, its use and how DC fan work. The aim of the project DC fan is to control a 12V DC fan using a power electronic circuit works on the operation of Thermistor. A rectified 12V DC input is given to the circuit which contains an arrangement of Thermistor, Relay, Potentiometer and various other electronic components like Diode, Transistor and Resistors.

The operation of 12 volt DC cooling fans typically used to supply cooling air to electronic equipment: These fans are typically based on two-phase Brushless DC (BLDC) motors drawing between 1 and 50 watts of power. Single-phase brushless DC motors are also used in fans, but this is outside the scope of this application note.

The report also contains the details of Thermistor. Thermistor are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting over current protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

There nine elements are available in this report that are explain how the DC fan words. The elements are Theory of Operation, Thermistor, Transformer, DIODE, Variable Resistors, Rectifier, Light-emitting diode (LED), Relay.

If 230V input voltage of the transformer is given, then we get 12V output supply of the secondary terminals, the output voltage of the rectifier circuit is applied, and it directs the 12-volt alternating current into direct current and the rectified voltage is working on the application main circuit and our circuit and is controlled by the change of temperature thermistor signal to the internal circuitry and the fan speed.

Project Report On Control Of Dc Fan Conclusion:

In the future, this type of circuit can be used for the design of smart-house concept by various other sensors. This circuit can also continue to vary for the design temperature measurement fan whose speed is implemented as per the requirement of people.

Download Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report On Control Of Dc Fan.

This Computer Automated Dryer for Thin Layer Grain Drying project report presents the design and manufacture of laboratory model of a computer automated dryer for thin layer drying of grain. A blower forces air through the grains in the oven. Various process parameters of the corresponding sensors are acquired at specific intervals for a period of time a PCL-207 card interfaces to other Pc. The temperature of the drying chamber is kept constant by triggering a thyristor with different ignition with the PCL-207 card, which controls the input voltage to the heater. Weight of sample-time curves plotted at different temperatures, and the results are satisfactory.

The basic purpose of drying grain is to reduce its moisture content to a level acceptable for safe storage. Conventional dryers use bulk quantity of grain for drying. Even the Laboratory model fabricated for drying operation is voluminous. Moreover, many of its operations are manual and hence, less accurate. For the purpose of study of the property of grain drying, one needs a single-kernel or at best a thin layer drying process. The aim of the present work is to design and fabricate a laboratory model of computer automated dryer for the study of thin layer grain drying process.

There are various types of diagrams available in this report which will explain the clear idea of the project. The diagrams names are Schematic representation of the setup, Block diagram of data acquisition scheme, Additional signal processing circuit, Block diagram of temperature control scheme, Synchronisation circuit, Thyristor firing circuit etc.

Conclusion:

The laboratory model was an automatic dryer for drying a thin layer of corn developed and tested. The dryer is easily the variables of the various processes controlled temperature automatically. The software has the flexibility to make the drying process for some time to get it upright. The results are consistent with those in the literature. Compared to conventional dryers, it is less cumbersome and more accurate.

Download Computer Automated Dryer for Thin Layer Grain Drying Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.