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Elements of Multimedia Rich Mobile Communication Abstract: Media in communications are the storage and transmission channels to store and deliver information or data. Media is the form and technology to communicate information and refers to means of communication such as television, radio, and the newspaper are different kinds of media.

Multimedia is the integrated multiple forms of media which includes text, graphics, audio, video, etc. Mobile multimedia is a set of protocols and standards for exchanging information in multimedia on wireless networks. It is mainstream systems of next generation mobile communications with large voice capacity, multimedia applications and high-speed mobile data services.

Today’s rich multimedia mobile communications has many various applications in our daily routine. Sharing of data is much easier with the help of different services in mobile communication. The mobile communication providers have got access to internet, voice messaging, video calls, MMS and much more in a mobile world.

The mobile generation from first generation (1G) to the Third Generation (3G) has a drastic change. Today’s mobile generation has got improved quality of voice communications and got the access to a new global communication which aims to reach communication ubiquity anytime and anywhere.

Fourth generation mobile wireless system is a packet switched wireless system and the 4G wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless.

The various elements contributed to Multimedia Rich Mobile Communication are Voice and Video, Messaging, Switched data, Medium and High Multimedia, mobile game, videoconference or video-conference etc. The technology uses protocols are CDMA, GPRS, and EDGE.

Elements of Multimedia Rich Mobile Communication Conclusion:

The mobile communication is growing day by day and to fulfill the ever-increasing demand of the mobile users is not at all a simple task. A grueling research in fields of science is finding a new innovative means of mobile communication to satisfy the mobile users. Today, mobile phones have rich multimedia support and many facilities which are making our lives exciting and easy.

Download Elements of Multimedia Rich Mobile Communication Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.

The Electronics In Biomedical and Instrumentation provides the basics of electronics and electricity in advanced technical world linked with medical care. The advent of Electronics with Biotechnology promises an entire new class of devices like sensors and actuators (MEMS&NEMS) applied in diagnostics, biocompatibility, responsive drug delivery, self-assembly etc. The various applications include tests for emergency blood transfusions, blood grouping, samples from patients, or suspected heart attack.

The application of engineering techniques and principles in the medical field is nothing but a biomedical engineering. It closes the gap between engineering and medical and combines the problem and design solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to have a developed healthcare diagnosis.

The integrated subjects consist of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and cell biology and mathematics is a main part of this course.

Pacemakers, Ultrasound Machine CAT, Medical diagnostic systems are the recent advances in medical field developed by the Electronics and Instrumentation Engineers.

The Biomedical Electronics Technology helps to develop the interpersonal skills required in medical personnel. There are many job opportunities available with hospitals, medical equipment companies, and other medical facilities. Biomedical engineering has an evolution from interdisciplinary specialization to considered field.

BME is divided into major specialty areas such as Biomechatronics, Bioinstrumentation, Biomaterials, Biomechanics, Bionics, Cellular, Tissue, and Genetic Engineering, Clinical Engineering, Medical Imaging, Orthopaedic Bioengineering, Rehabilitation engineering, Systems Physiology, Bionanotechnology, Neural Engineering, and Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. BME has many applications which is applied in various fields such as Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, Tissue engineering, MRI, ECG, Einthoven’s ECG device, ECG graph paper, LEADS, Placement of electrodes etc.

Electronics In Biomedical and Instrumentation Conclusion:

Therefore it is concluded that electronics has a vital play in biomedical instrumentation since most biomedical equipments has electronic devices and circuits. With the use of electronics, the biological signals are converted into electrical signals and compared with the standard signal to get the final results.

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This Electronics Components Tester ECE Final Year Project focuses on different electronic components. The component described here is a microcontroller which is a single chip which has a processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. It is also called a computer on a chip and there is billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) embedded every year.

AT89S52 is a low-power with high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. Few capabilities of 8051 microcontroller are Internal ROM and RAM, I/O ports with programmable pins, Timers and counters, and Serial data communication. This electronic component is used to identify faults in any electronic repairer.

AT89S52 device is manufactured with Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology which is compatible with 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash provides the program memory to reprogram in-system. Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller and provides a flexible and cost-effective solution to embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 has following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, two data pointers, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. It supports two software power saving modes.

This hardware is processed with a set of program instructions or software. The user familiar with hardware and software can apply the microcontroller to get the solution easily. A good electronic test must check the author’s credentials and make sure your own testing equipment using particular jobs.

Electronics Components Tester Conclusion:

Various digital multimeters have a capability to test diodes, transistors, and analogue multimeters which are widely use. This method of testing detects if transistor or a diode is operating. The failures include catastrophic, rendering the component completely inoperable and with the help of these multimeter tests, these failure are detected very easily and quickly.

Download  Electronics Components Tester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report.

Electronic Card Lock System Final Year ECE Project Report For electronic/electrical appliances, the circuit described here is presented as a lock. , Depending on the punched hole on the card, when card is inserted a mechanism then particular appliance will be switched on. The card is inserted in the disk drive like a floppy disk and card must be in rectangular shape with only one punched hole.

The circuit makes use of four LDR and four white LED’s. If there is no card in the lock then the light falls on LDR and the resistance of LDR differs based on the incident light. The LDR is connected to comparator IC (LM-324). Relay is connected between appliance and the ULN.

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a small and round semiconductor. It is used to recharge the light while different changes occurs the light. The light dependent resistor controls heater inside the traffic light and light dependent resistors can be infrared detectors, clocks and security alarms.

The light dependent resistor is like a quarter shaped and is small in size. It changes the brightness of a light in every weather conditions. Comparator IC (LM 324) is an operational amplifier which performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, log, antilog etc and has two states +Vcc or –Vcc.

Resistor is an electronic component with two terminals which produces a voltage across its terminals and is proportional to the electric current and given by Ohm’s law as V = IR. Relay is an electrical operated switch. A capacitor is a passive electronic component that consists of a pair of conductors which are separated by a dielectric (insulator).

A diode is an electronic component that has two terminals, anode and cathode for conducting electric current in only one direction. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a light source semiconductor.

Electronic Card Lock System Final Year ECE Project Report Conclusion:

 This paper concludes about the different components which are applied in different fields for better output result.

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ECE Seminar on Dynamic Source Routing Protocol DSR: Ad hoc network routing is a great problematic to ensure efficient and fast packet forwarding. This paper describes about Dynamic Source Routing Protocol DSR that includes few aspects of ad hoc networks to evaluate route as mobility and energy.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes to form a temporary network with the help of transmission medium radio waves. The specter for wireless transmissions is the specter present around the 2.4 and around the 5 GHz .The transmission range and the emission power ranges from 10 m for Personal Area Networks to 100-200 m for Local Area Networks which are regulated by laws in each country.

With the facility of use and deployment of MANET, it has got new applications day by day ranging in many fields like military applications, commercial application like Public and Personal Area Networks, and other under development applications are telemedicine, weather report and disaster environment.

MANET increases the size to have the threshold of thousands of nodes per system. Therefore, developed protocol for ad hoc networks must have mobility, energy and bandwidth constraints for the development of an efficient and effective routing or security protocol.

There are two nodes to ensure the delivery of a packet from sender to destination in ad hoc networks, the first one is an ordinary node and the second one is router. The dynamic topology of the network results a fast changing routes handled by the underlying routing protocol and this is problematic of ad hoc network. Other problems can be classified into the following protocols: reactive, proactive, and hybrid protocols.

ECE Seminar on Dynamic Source Routing Protocol DSR Conclusion:

Therefore there is an improved dynamic source routing protocol using a new metric to evaluate routes. The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol used in multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks. The DSR network is completely self-organizing and self-configuring.

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Dsp & Fpga Based Integrated Controller Development Solutions for High Performance Electric Drives: Today’s latest drive control algorithms need advanced hardware and software platforms and includes engineering steps like off-line software simulation, hardware design and software implementation in a system. This paper is all about the general requirements of the microprocessor base digital control systems for drive control applications and integrated and flexible hardware and software environment for electric drives control.

The hardware system consists of flexible stand-alone boats and pc cards set basis on the digital signal processor family and advanced field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

The technical progress in drive control system has established larger requirements for signal acquisition, power devices, and control circuits and the advanced digital technologies introduced into real time power conversion applications are AICs, DSPs, FPGAs and CPLDs (Complex programmable logic devices), gate arrays.

The control algorithms for power conversion need high speed computing, efficient signal capabilities, fast interrupt response, and wide program-data memory spaces. The design flow of FPGA development process has the following steps: Design entry,     Compilation and logic optimization, Mapping, place and route, Interactive simulation and timing analysis, Optional-floor-planning, and Design verification and in circuit hardware debugging.

The processor kernel of the digital control system has following functions like dedicated I/O set for analog signal acquisition and generation (ADCs/DACs), interfaces for absolute and incremental encoders and other frequency signals, general purpose digital I/O, digital communication interfaces for a wide range of industrial standards (RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, current loop, fibre optic), and MMIs (man machine interfaces).

Conclusion:

The flexible integrated development system consists of hardware and the software part and has two modules FAL and FAL-RS. This system made possible PC simulations and real-time implementation of sophisticated sensorless drive control algorithms. The proposed sensorless drive control algorithm has the real features like high accuracy and fast response time. The laboratory experiments have started with 110KW VSI semi-commercial model

Download Dsp & Fpga Based Integrated Controller Development Solutions for High Performance Electric Drives Electronics and Communication Engineering ECE Final Year Project Report.

Drag Reduction in Ships Using Micro bubbles Technology Abstract: Drag is a mechanical force which is generated with a solid object that is moving through a fluid. There should be movement between the object and the fluid.  Drag acts in opposite direction to the direction of motion of the body.

When a body is moving then it experiences a drag force and it usually has two components, frictional drag which is called viscous drag and pressure drag which is called form drag or profile drag.

Frictional drag is generated with friction between the surfaces and the fluid on which it is flowing and it is associated with the developed boundary layers. Pressure drag is generated from the eddying motions which in the fluid with the passage of the body and is associated with the formation of a wake.

To the study drag reduction in ships, Microbubbles Technology is the latest development that reduces almost 20-80%. Microbubbles is a device of drag reduction which reduces skin friction of a solid body floating in water by injecting small bubbles into the turbulent boundary layer which is developing on the solid body.  The energy required for injecting bubbles at hull bottom is not small due to large ships which have large water depth by which the bubbles have to be injected.  Hence to reduce the amount of injected air microbubbles technology is applied.

The drag of a ship has two components, one is wave-making drag and another one is skin frictional drag.

Conclusion:

To generate a drag, the solid body should be in contact with the fluid.  If there is no fluid then there is no drag.  Drag is produced with the difference in velocity between the fluid and the solid object.  When the drag is dominated by viscous drag, then the body is said to be streamlined and when is dominated by pressure drag then the body is bluff. Viscous-drag or pressure-drag depends on the shape of the body.

Download Drag Reduction in Ships Using Micro bubbles Technology Electronics and Communication Engineering ECE Final Year Project Report.

Dotsoft the It Tool used in BSNL Final Year ECE Project: The external and internal structure of BSNL is as follows: External infrastructure, Lines and cables ( U/G including OFC ) and Internal infrastructure, Battery, Power Plant, E/A, A/C plant, MDF, Switches ( C-DOT, OCB 283, EWSD, AXE etc ), Leased Lines ( MLLN ), Broad Band, MPLS VPN.

The Services provided by BSNL are WLL: CDMA Technology, Internet, Broad Band, Managed Network Services, Mpls Vpn, Isdn, Leased Lines, Vsat, In Services, Value Added Services, Enterprise Solutions, Telegraph, Epabx, Data Communications, And Dspt Service..

BSNL managed network services include end-to-end Turn key Implementation (including CPE), proactive management through state of the art NoC, periodic reporting facilitating trend analysis, capability to provide VPN connectivity from any part of the country, and managed Firewall as well as IP Sec.

BSNL’s IP Backbone uses MPLS technology. It keeps pace with the technological trend to give latest value added services to its customers. MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a Service Provider like BSNL to get full control over parameters which are important offering its customer’s service guarantees in regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and availability. It enables secure Virtual Private Networks (VPN) that allows scalability and offers assured growth to its customers. BSNL is demanded Bandwidth that provides Video Conferencing, Voice Over IP (VoIP) and a host of value added services.

BSNL’s provides a diversified range of services (Layer 2, Layer 3 and Dial up VPNs) to get the requirements of the spectrum of customers from Small and Medium to Large business enterprises and financial institutions. It provides simple service to customers, and makes the service very scalable and flexible to have large-scale deployment. It provides a reliable and amenable service.

DOTSOFT the IT TOOL used in BSNL Final Year ECE Project Conclusion:

There are many IT tools which are utilized in the BSNL. DotSoft is the first integrated telecom application in BSNL that consists of commercial, billing, accounting, fault repair service and directory enquiry services. DotSoft networking elements are Hub, Modem, Router, and Switch.

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Digital Video Channel to Home Btech ECE Project: DTH is transmission of digital video channel to home subscriber with the help of a small dish antenna. It uses a technology that enables a home to get high speed internet broadband access data communication, voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephony etc with the help of an open standard Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) technology.

The video channels are displayed using a set top box and capable of demodulating Motion Picture Engineering Group (MPEG-2) standard videos. The return channel like voice over internet protocol and broadband access data communications are for the home terminal. The return channel is an open standard via the satellite is known as RCS.

DVB-RCS technology with hardware compatible is readily present in the market in both Ku-band and C-band. DVB-RCS is an international open standard for multimedia satellite network with which return data rates in access of 2 Mbps with the low cost user terminals. The forward ink is usually at 40 Mbps.

Nowadays most TV customers are having programming via a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider like DISH TV or DTH platform. DTH extends as Direct-To-Home television. It refers as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in a particular home. With DTH technology, there is no need of local cable operator and it has put the broadcaster directly in touch with the user and cable operators is able to receive satellite programmes which are distributed to individual homes.

DD Direct is launched by Doordarshan, Dish TV is launched by Essel Group and has different set top box along with Smart card facility to decode paid channels. NSS 6, Ku-band satellite provides interactive access to high speed internet.

Conclusion:

DTH, Direct-To-Home, connects urban, rural and remote areas of the country that provides communication, education and entertainment just at a click of a button. Broadband noise will have negligible effect on GMRT Observations. Narrow band noise can cause RFI.

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