Category: MBA Seminar Topics

China

• Causes

1. Moral Hazard: Considers that the government of SOE can bail out the moral hazard in difficult time, and therefore it stays to agree higher dangers and in general does not include achieving efficiencies in order to enhance the operational competence.   

2. Bankruptcy laws support law courts and borrowers are not trustworthy enforcement vehicles.

3. Social implications and Political reform’s large SOE’s strengthens the government in order to continue its floating.

4. In order to borrow the private activities, banks hesitate because

a. they experience Non-standard accounting

b. If an SOE’s NPA of is economically undesirable, private enterprise an NPA is both politically and financially undesirable (Pravakar Mohanty, 2006).

• Measures

1. Risk reduction by growth of the banks, increasing disclosure standards and SOE’s spearheading reforms by decreasing their debt level.

2. Laws were accepted permitting the asset management companies creation, foreign justice involvement in securitization and securitization of asset.

3.  The economical debt loss in the government ‘discounting’. Debt/equity exchanges were permitted if survived the growth opportunity.

4. Inducement applied such as tax splits the exception from asset evaluation norms as well as administration fees (Ben Fung, 2004).

Thailand

• Causes

1. Current account and Liberalized capital includes external borrowings by means of false evaluation of capital light risk as well as swaps rate risk in an emergency.

 2. A legal system makes credit improvement complex and time consuming.

3. Speculators of real estate show enormous loans by focusing highest improvement in property costs as well as maintenance. If it is not materialize the entire loans goes awful.

4. Vertical interest rate rise curved more loans in NPAs

5. Lack of ability to properly assess credit threats.

Measures

1. Modifications were built to the Act of Bankruptcy.

2. Set up Mutual Debt Restructuring Advisory Commission for the banks restructuring and takeover.

3. In 1998 The Financial Sector Restructuring Plan projected on capital support services for recapitalization of bank and AMCs setup.

4. Governing New rules NPA leave measures based on international standards.

5. Government entity Privatization was doubtful, however gone through difficult social backlash’s political opposition terror. 

6. Approval of international standards for classification of loan as well as provisioning.

7. Limits on Foreign equity possession in economic institutions were eliminated (RAJA J. CHELLIAH. 200).

Korea

• Causes

1. Directed credit: it controls the intended interest rate time and selects provisions of credit that are provided to enhance funds of an ineffective distribution. On the financial system, terrific stress has been caused by the projects of chaebols while improving following diversification as well as market share with little effective attention. 

2. The policy of “compressed growth” by aggressive, forced expansion done well provided that the financial was increasing and the ROI go beyond the capital cost. This strategy failed during less demand and increasing input prices locating strict pressure on their efficiency.

3. Shortage of Monitoring:

Banks relied on securities and undertakings in the allocation of credit, and little interest was remunerated to achieve performance and cash flows.

4. through south East Asia Contagion Effects agreed simultaneously with the changes in structural time and also in Korea a cyclical downturn. 

• Measures

1. 1.      Speed of Action – The systemic risk speedy containment and the issues of the domestic credit crisis with the number of public funds injection for recapitalization of the bank were vital points to normalizing the economy.
2. 2.      CRVs (Corporate Restructuring Vehicles) and Swaps of Debt/Equity were used to help the bad loans resolution.
3. 3.      The Creation of KAMCO (Korea Asset Management Corporation) and finances the NPA fund to fund to invest in NPAs purchase (Raghbendra Jha, 2001).
4. 4.      Securitization KAMCO’s improves came with securitization of the asset-backed and sales of outright. Global shareholders such as the Lone Star Fund shared in the procedure.
5. 5.      Provision norms strengthening and implemented the loan categorization standards on forward-looking criteria based.
6. 6.      The central bank objective was individually described as maintaining cost constancy. The FSC (Financial Supervisory Commission) has been built in 1998 to guarantee system of an efficient supervisory in procession with the experience of universal banking system.

 Japan

• Causes

 

1. Funds were done in real estate at extended costs while in demand. The decline caused costs to collapse and number of these loans turned to bad.

2. Legal devices to set out bad loans were reduces the time and is very costly and NPAs stayed on the balance sheet.

3. Expansionary fiscal policy evaluates Governed to encourage the financial system maintained business sectors such as real estate and construction that can have more exacerbated the difficulty

4.   Crony Capitalism to the Keiretsus

5. Governance of Weak corporate joined with doctrine a no-bankruptcy in financial system of Japan was a moral hazard.

6. System of Inadequate accounting and data flow generates loan assessment act external in problem of Japan.

• Measures

1. Foreign exchange control law Amendment (l997) and the suspension risk of banking industry as in failure case to approve the capital adequacy ratio.

Legislation in order to increase the data flow has been conceded.

2. Accounting standards – main business groups initiated a setting vehicle of private standard for (2001) Japanese accounting standards in procession through the Global standards.

3. Government Support – commitment of the public investments to contract with the weakness of the banking sector (Sumant Batra, 2003).

Introduction to Data Collection Methods in Marketing Research:

According to Sasha Hurrell (2004) the data collection method is one of the important aspect within the entire research methodology process and it plays a major role in estimating the main search related to the research and it will verify the collected data and the comparable analysis through the actual search against the literature. In general there are two types of data collection methods like the primary source of data and the secondary source of data.

 Primary source of data

The primary source of data is one of the important data collection method and it is been established across to the research methodology. The primary data is collected from the actual source of the problem so it is referred as one of the best data collection method when compared with the other data collection methods as well as the other data sources. In the previous discussion it is been mentioned that the primary source of the information is the actual case study approach. In general the primary source of the information is been gathered conducting the interviews, the general discussions, group meeting and the semi structured interview. In the research process the semi structured interviews are used and the required questionnaires are been prearranged and then they are transferred to the individuals who are taking part in the research process in order to make them to understand the actual research problem and to get the required information.

The information which is been gathered from the individuals in the form of their views and ideas are been considered as the primary data source and these information is been analyzed in order to complete the entire research process and to get the expected outcome. The answers and the ideas which are been proposed by the individuals and the participants is more and more efficient, trustworthy and faultless, as a result this data collection method is referred to as the perfect and useful source of data.

 Secondary source of Information

In order to continue the research process the secondary source of the information is required and to compare the actual search and views which is obtained from the primary source of information with the secondary source of information. In general the secondary source of the data is been gathered by making use of the article, journals, book reviews and the websites. The data and the information gathered from secondary source are compared with the actual sources by means of considering the views and ideas of the individuals involved within the research process from the primary source of information then these entire information is been analyzed to get the expected outcome. 

According to D Vermeulen (2009) the research design is the process of identifying the basic research questions and then changing them into the testing process. There are various types of the research designs but they are implemented and used according to the research problem. In general there are two types of research designs like the fixed research design and the flexible research design. Initially the fixed research design method is been situated before fixing the appropriate data.

This fixed research design is entirely a theory based method, so it not possible to calculate the mathematical variables and the factors which are been resulted in the future aspect. The collected data is fixed and then the authentic methods utilized in the data collection process is been implemented in this specific research design. There are wide varieties of choices that available in the research process. This research process is entirely different from the actual research process and even it is different from the flexible research design. Within the flexible research process the variables which are identified will be varied from the actual statement, so there is a need of flexibility in process of selection of the research variable.

The investigational results are totally based on the approach that is implemented against the flexible research design. In general the research design is been divided into two different types such as the experimental type and the non-experimental types. The experimental research design one of the appropriate process for the projects related to the statistical analysis. For the experimental research design the research sample size is more and the sample size is less for the non-experimental research design. The general observations and the individual activities are been utilized in order to get the results. The experimental research design is one of the best and suitable method for the quantitative research methodology. And for the purpose of the qualitative research methodology the non-experimental research method is the suitable one.

The case study can be considered as the example for the non experimental research design. In this the process the data should be gathered through the single source and the required conclusions are been finished by the common observations, the views and ideas of the particular individual is involved in the case study. 

 Case study chosen

According to Jennifer Rowley (2002) the case study approach is the simple and best method which is been used in order to collect the information or else the data required against the qualitative research methodology. The required solution for the research questions and the research problem can be identified by this case study approach.

The individuals or else the participants who are taking part in the research process are been examined in order to get the answers required to fulfill the research work. The actual aim of the research is been explained to the individuals and their views and ideas on the particular topic are considered and analyzed to get the required idea on the research.  By using these case studies there are various benefits and the most important benefit is that the data which is gathered from these source is the direct data and the information which is been collected is more truthful and reliable. When compared with the other data sources this is the most useful source. In order to solve the research problem the information is been gathered from the case study.

To conduct the research work on a specific topic the person who acts as the researcher must be able to have the minimum knowledge upon the case studies of that particular topic and case studies which are selected for the research should provide the entire required information and even should be able to solve the problems in the research process. By having all these capabilities then this case study approach can be referred to as the best source in order to collect fulfill the primary information which belongs to the qualitative research method.

In general the case studies are differentiated in to many types like the individual case study or the organization case study. The case study is been selected based on the problem within the research process. 

The methodology is the system that contains wide range of principles or rules in which the particular methods and procedures are been considered in order to solve the problems that arise within the specific aspect. Similar to the algorithm the methodology is a set of practices.

There are two types of research methods which are been used in order to solve the problems happened within the research process such as quantitative research method and the qualitative research method. The types of the research methodologies are been taken into consideration depending on the different types of factors happened within the research process. The correct and important data is been gathered and the entire research analysis process is been discussed in detail.

 Qualitative research

According to Trochim (2000) in the process of the qualitative research methodology the entire factors which are related to the human activities are taken into consideration. The problems which are been specified by the human activities are been considered within the qualitative research method. This qualitative research method is been used within the educational regulations, the social studies and for the basic problems that take place in the market place. The decision making process will involve different types of critical steps like the way of reaction against the problems happened within the research process. The small volume of contents should be considered than the large volume of contents within the process of data collection from the individuals or participants who are involves the research process. In order to complete the research successfully with an appropriate emotional observations   the typical non numerical data without the significant aspects such as the graphs, charts and the statistical methods are been considered.

 Quantitative research

In general the quantitative research methodology includes the models that are based on the mathematical and theory based approaches. This research method will even involve the statistical analysis and the experimental examination of the specific aspects as well as the internal relationship between the particular quantitative aspects. The important aspects within the quantitative research method are the measurements and the evaluations through which the actual results are been obtained.  This quantitative research method is been used in order to answer the questions such as the what, why and where. This research methodology will involve the concepts of the social sciences like the political science, economics, anthropology and psychology.

By making use of these research methodology the questions such as what, why and where are been answered and in this quantitative research methodology as the major research methodology will include the major social sciences such as political science, economics, anthropology as well as the psychology. In this research method the particular case studies and articles are been considered which are used as the major information sources. By using these resources the general conclusions as well as the hypothesis is been resulted.  By making use of the hypothesis list in the quantitative research method the problems can be rectifies within the research process. The numerical measurements like graphs, charts and the statistical analysis is been utilized in this quantitative research method. By using this method the data which is gathered can be analyzed in the form of the experimental examination and the comparable results are been calculated through the empirical analysis.

The best example for this is that survey conducted might result in the finishing the entire process of the research rather than that of the methodology which is been used in a specific levels.