Category: MBA Seminar Topics

Introduction:

The leading health, nutrition and Wellness Company in the world are Nestle. It is established world wide among 84 countries having 456 branches and not only is that it employing 280,000 people. It was found in 1886 at Vevey, Switzerland and still it is considered as the main branch. It is considered to be “the multinational among multinationals”.  A 1.5 percent sales is generated from home country alone, other factories are situated in abroad.

          Having 250,000 shareholders world wide out of which there are one third people from Swiss. A single shareholder has less than 3% of the stock. By a sponsor program US investors having 30% of the capital purchase ADR. Nestle stands in first place providing soluble coffee, infant nutrition, condensed and evaporated milk, bottled water, ice cream, chocolate and malt drinks. In pet care it is a co-leader. Delivery of value through sustained, efficient capital and long-term profitable growth to shareholder is provided by the company.

History of Nestle:

          Merging of many small companies resulted into the big company named Nestle. Chemist, merchant, innovator Henri Nestle made experiments with the wheat flour, cow’s milk, sugar. Resulted product was useful to the infants as a nutrition those who cannot be breast-fed by their mothers and it proved to be useful by saving an infant born prematurely. Then the production of it started and named as Farine Lactee Nestle at Vevey.

          Developing of own brands and to achieve success in a tougher way instead of choosing an easier way to become a private label was the decision taken by Henri Nestle. Anglo-Swiss company was established by Charles and George Page, two Americans which is a condensed milk company that competed with Nestle products. Peter, world’s leading chocolate maker and a friend of Nestle merged his chocolate factory into Nestle Company. While World War I dairy product demand increased lot by considering the government contracts

          By the end of the war the usage of the fresh milk started again leaving condensed milk resulted in first loss to Nestle Company in 1921. In 1930, a soluble coffee powder was produces by Dapples which revolutionized drinking of coffee all around the world. It was introduced as Nescafe due to the World War II onset. The affect of World War II haven’t impacted much upon Nestle and later it has grown up with many new products.

          After 1974, there was lot of decrease in the profits earned by the Nestle. It was made better by the CEO Helmut Maucher in 1981, firstly by restructuring the internal matters and divestments and secondly by continuing with the strategic acquisitions. By 20^th century Nestle became the undisputed leader in food industry. Bringing of best and most relevant products to the people is the main aim of Nestle Company.

Mission, Vision and Goals of Nestle 

• Vision:

Providing high quality food to the people to meet the various needs of them by daily marketing and selling foods

• Mission:

The foods which are safer having high quality and that providing optimal nutrient to people for meeting the physiological needs is the main mission of Nestle. 

• Business Objectives:

The main objective of the Company is to produce and market company products creating value to it. Not favoring short-term profit by expensing a lot. Maintaining consciousness of fact that professionalism reflects the corporation while recruiting the right people.  

• Core Values:

Maintaining respect and trust in people is main core value to be kept in mind. To listen and engage with people is also one kind of communication. To cooperate and helping others should be done willingly which is the basic for advance and promotion of the company.

SWOT Analysis:

Strengths:

• Parent Support: Nestle India has got support from the parent company providing successful details about each and every brand.
• Brand Strength: It has many named brands like Nescafe, Cerelac and Maggi.
• Product Innovation: Many new products are introduced continuously by expansion of its product offerings. It became the innovative leader in the global world and nutrition sector.

Weaknesses:

• Exports: Rs 2,571 m was the company export revenues by the end of 2003. Volatile market for Nestle was present in Russia due t which there was a frequent hit in the over all performance.
• Supply Chain:  Traceability is the main issue to be considered as the main issue and has chain management that is very complex. The hygiene, personnel and quality of edible inputs is the requirement for food industry.

Opportunities:

• Expansion:  The expansion of Company to the smaller towns is possible to it. The inherence advantage is present in the Nestle Company.
• Product Offerings:  the expansion of the products as that produced by the parent Company is possible for it.
• Global Hub: India could be considered as an export hub due to the manufacture of some products is cheaper. Included the Health-based products are becoming popular in the whole world.

Threats:

• Competition: Much competition is provided to the Company from sectors that are organized as well as unorganized. To intensify the battle the food segment import duty was reduced for better functioning of country in globalizes economy. 
• Changing consumer trends:  Customers are spending low on the FMCG products considering the trends increased. The situation might be handled late but the correct decision is taken i.e., to follow the monsoon for increase in sales (Richard Girard, 2005).
• Sectored Woes: the recent markets that entered into the market are matured. By raising the prices of fuels and raw materials, the packaging and manufacturing costs are being increased.

SHRM at Nestle:

            Nestle being a human company provides response to the individual human needs in the complete world. There is reflection of attitude and responsibility of sense towards people. Increase of sales and profits is considered as the main aim of the company and also convinced that the formation of strength of company is done by the people as nothing is achievable without the presence of their commitment, energy. People involvement is needed in particular levels. From this it can be conclude that:

• High Performance
• High Involvement
• High Commitment

Spirit of Nestle:

            The top priority is being given to the slogan that “Making big investment in people”. The key drivers to success are considered as people.

Corporate level Strategies of Nestle:

• Innovation and renovation being a part of the growth of the product. 
• Long-term potential
• Business built upon sound human values, principles.
• Commitment to health and well being of people for long term.

Business Level Strategies:

• Follows fewer price – low cost for transparency.
• Differentiation- for reducing the supply chain risk of complexity and attractiveness of people towards discounters is low. 

Talent management and international HR

Talent management and international HR team: nestle employs that are focused on potential and career developing with high level performance will become future leaders of nestle. Developing process and framework are main tasks used to develop potential of nestle employees. These tasks develop career development plans of individual employees to do international assignments which are out of present places such as international headquarters of Nestle in Switzerland, Vevey or other market of Nestle round world. 

Learning and development

Learning and development team is included in cutting edge interventions development and change is supported by far reaching programs like Lead2Win programs etc.  From supply chain manufacturing business covering helps to implement and create functional development program.

Continuous improvement and innovation and creativity are also named as Nestle development and learning and it leads to innovation and creativity. This process is carried in two stages:

• Core skill development strategies creation forms professional and passionate team and it enable growth in professional and personal issues in business. With business partners, directors and HR are help in modifying business area strategies.
• Next stage is take vast development and learning intranet advantages which are helpful to trainees. Available resources are designed to help trainees and their knowledge is used in virtual environments. With leadership development programs career and job ambition skills are improved and that creates new leaders for tomorrow.

Differentiation

HR strategies are aligned and used to success in differentiation strategies of Nestle. To support differentiation, HR strategies which are specified below are used:

• Long term performance measures are performed. At long term business development, nestle does not have short term profit favor.
• HR strategies are based on employees training with environment change and latest innovations updating.
•  Fair and equal pay practices are followed by Nestle. To promote rewards, pay structure and incentives of nestle system is designed.
• Recruitment process is based on recruitment and hiring of people who have new ideas
• In organization by employee participation and career development continuity broad career paths are available.

Impact of recession on Nestle

In recession phase, some troubles are faced by Nestle.

• Shipment growth: From branded foods to retailers shoppers switching slowdowns shipment growth.

• The volume of goods sold: in 2008, goods volume selling raises to 2.8% from 4.4% I 2007.

Increasing of inflation raises second problem and it has influence of tough competition and weak dollar in UK. Nestle is also named as recession proof company. In 2008 nestle has 69.4% profit. In 2008 and 2009, world faced worst recession. In sales and services greatest downfall is presented in every company. In 2008 nestle has record breaking profit in recession and its product sales are huge numbers.

• In 2008, Nestle net profit was 15billon US dollars.
• In 2008, net income rose from 10.65 billion francs to 18 billion Swiss francs.
• In last year profit was 69.4%.
• In last year sales rose to 109.9 billion francs, 2.2 %, in 2008 8.3% revenue was increased to 8.3%.
• Over 2009 earnings growth is carried in Nestle although global recession is presented by using springboard for growth.
• In 2008 Indian market, 300 Crore investment is granted by Nestle which is doubled in 2009.
• EBIT margin growth and 5% organic growth are goals of Nestle and these can be achieved by internal strength of company.
• In 2008 organic growth of nestle was calculated and raised its global outlook by producing products like Nescafe coffee, Kit Kat chocolate bars and Maggi soup and it is raised from previous target 7.4% to about 8%.
• Share bars of Nestle jumping 5.4% from 2 year low.
• In 2008 after purchasing worth of 8.7 billon stock, Nestle will buy back stock of 4 billion francs this year.
• Nestle increase share dividend 15% to 1.40 francs.

During recession nestle strong survival reasons:

Nestle fight recession because of following reasons.

• Products and brands innovation and renovation are big tasks in Nestle. In 2008, for food research and development Nestle spent 15%.
• Market conditions are capitalized by Nestle and survived recession.
• India is slowdown but not in down turn. Nestle price range of consumer demanded goods hasn’t not been affected by liquidity. So, India is survived by Nestle.
• Because of quality and strong growth of Nestle Company its profitable growth is positioned and survived recession.
• In Middle East war will be despite if world is hold by recession. So, food is necessary for everyone. Nestle infant formula, Stouffer frozen foods and taster’s choice coffee included products are bought by millions of people.
• Market which want to be in safe position has key for short term performance of Nestle.

Changing role of HR

In global competition HR function has importance. Employment stability and intense competition are impacted by corporate planning managers and hard and real issues are addressed by them. By regarding employees costs saving policies are implemented (Phil Kelly, 2009).

Maintaining and recruiting efficient work force is more proactive by HR managers. Dynamic, flexible employees are selected, trained and motivated by mapping HR strategies for more productive.

HR are implementers not administrators and they are identified as strategic partners. In economic uncertainty climate HR helps top management and function well.

In economy ups and downs are formed by globalization, business partner’s change and Nestle business diverse.  With practical experiences, result focus and professional skills nestle managers performs following qualities:

• HR must have people motivation and development skills to develop their capabilities and progress in their work.
• HR people must have high level of interest, open minded and inhibit curiosity in life styles. This process increase learning and sharing knowledge and ideas improvement.
• HR professional have responsibility to innovation creation and outside box thinking. This process have chance to make mistake and mistake correction can also provided.
• HR mangers have capability to accept and manage changes.
• Employees must have knowledge about International experiences and culture understanding by that they can face global market challenges.

VRIO and 5P’s Analysis

VRIO ANALYSIS

Internal analysis is performed by VRIO frame work and competitive advantage is leaded by valuable, inimitable, rare and organized resources (Timon Waugh, 2003).

Valuable

If external threats of organization are handled then resources will be valuable. Valuable resources have any one of following things. Those are customer responsiveness, innovation, quality and efficiency. Nestle valuable resources are human resources, research and development processes and brand name.

Rare

If other competitors are not possessed resources then resources will be considered as rare and uniqueness should be presented in food products.

Inimitable

If resources substitution and replacing have difficulty then resources will be imitable.  In nestle inimitable resources are nestle followed values, culture of corporation and reputation.

Organized

If resources are used in organization then those will be organized. Organization deals with firm management inner working.

5p’s at Nestle

Philosophy

On code of governance Nestlé’s philosophy

Company’s products must be sub stained consumers, employees, national economy and business partners value creation. Management ethical values and professionalism are based on success of product.

Policy

With professional skills and personal attitudes hire staff is recruited in company for company long term leadership. So, professional development is important in recruitment standards. Organization commitment and improvement imply quality and culture.

Processes

• Training
• Recruiting
• Administrative
• Labor relations
• Compensation
• Development

Programs

Campus recruitment, internship and professional development programs are organized by company. For MBA student’s internship program is available in Nestle.  Training program is provided to develop employee learning skills. By sharing and developing best practices group discipline is maintained. For substitution and complementation for training programs e learning programs are conducted.

Practices

In nestle following HR practices are performed:

• Performance management
• Benefits
• Incentives and rewards
• Recruitment and training
• Change management
• Employee relations
• Health and safety

For healthy and safe work environment nestle is dedicated.

HR strategies followed by nestle

1. Communication strategy:  This strategy is maintained by company to educate and train people about dynamically changed scenarios in organization.
2. Effective training and development: most training programs are conducted by in house trainers and by external trainers specialized programs are implemented. Employee has opportunity to attend training programs conducted at abroad.
3. Entrepreneurship strategy:  independent entrepreneurs are generated in company by implementing their ideas in reality by organization support with existing resources.
4. By cutting high operation cost.
5. For HR decisions leverage real time decisions and decision making process is enhanced.

Java is one of the top five independent gaming providers in Europe. Operating from a beautiful country manor house in Hertfordshire, Java currently has around 150 employees employed in a wide variety of roles that include programming, designing, quality assurance, graphics, plus the support activities like Public Relations, Human Resources, Finance and Administration.  (About 30 of these staff are employed in support activities)  Because Java is independent, it is not owned by or contracted to any single games publisher; instead, it focuses on developing games on behalf of different publishers and game platforms simultaneously. Thus Java is an official developer for Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation3 and Nintendo Wii, with several highly successful games in its portfolio.

The games industry is still in its infancy, but growth continues despite the current recession. It is highly competitive, very innovative and, by the same token, prone to trends and obsolescence as one product or platform is rapidly superseded by another – so keeping up to date and preferably ahead of the external marketplace is absolutely crucial to the company’s long-term prospects. Evidence of the volatility of the market is the fact that between 2004 and 2006 the number of independent game developers in the UK fell from 400 to just 150. 

To protect itself against such dangers, Java has created four specialised and very different divisions:

Jay Games targets the older game-player, developing games with a more mature content;

Java Games, the firm’s core unit, creates family-friendly games;

Mind Games concentrates on serious and purposeful games, as used in such fields as public administration, defence and medicine, especially for scenario planning; and

Jinks Games constructs casual games of the kind typically made available through arcades.

Between them these four divisions provide a very broad base of work for the business, with a varied client base and different production cycles, in an effort to provide some degree of stability in the unstable competitive environment. What unites the four divisions is the desire to foster a culture of high employee involvement which doesn’t just allow creative freedom but actively encourages it, though so far the company has not addressed this desire as a matter of corporate policy; instead, it has relied informally on the leadership qualities of its managers and team leaders.

Although very successful, Java cannot afford to be complacent. It is operating in an industry which faces constant challenges not only because of technological change but also because of competition from abroad, unpredictable fluctuations in customer preferences, and acute skill shortages here in the UK. The only way to see off these challenges is to stay at least one step ahead of them, and Java  believes that the defining strength and asset for its business is the quality of the people whom it employs, attracts, retains and develops.

The company has now reached a defining moment when it has had to make some crucial decisions about its strategies and its people policies. One of the industry’s major games console manufacturers recently approached Java with proposals for a long-term strategic alliance which would enable Java to double in size over the next two years. Although attractive, the proposal had some negative implications which when considered, lead the company to choose not to take this direction.  The company has therefore decided to remain independent and specialise as a niche player, as it currently is.   You have been brought in  as an expert advisor to discuss the implications of this decision and make recommendations for effective Human Resource policies and practices which will enable Java to guarantee its future. 

At present, there is a small HR team which consists of a manager and administrator who report into the Finance Director.  HR decisions tend to be lead by the Head of each division, with advice taken from the HR team.  Job descriptions do exist but they are limited and there is little consistency across the divisions.  There is a basic job evaluation scheme that is used to evaluate all roles, and there is a pay scale that is used across all the divisions.  Bonuses are agreed and awarded, but there appears to be little consistency across the divisions or even within the divisions to demonstrate how these are awarded.  Other than salaries there are no other reward tools in place. 

During recent considerations about the strategic direction of the organisation, certain issues came to light.  At present staff turnover is considered to be reasonably high.  Exit interviews with those staff leaving has shown that the lack of transparency with business decisions, coupled with the basic benefits (i.e salary and bonus) has had an impact on staff commitment and some talented staff have left to work with competitors, which is a worry for the organisation.  Until recently strategy has focussed on the growth of the business, but there is now a need to focus on the people issues. 

Your task is to produce a report for Java’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in which you address the following. 

1)    Review a range of recruitment and selection techniques both traditional and innovative and make recommendations as to the strategies you propose that the organisation uses in future.

2)    Review the current reward strategy and make proposals for its improvement.

3)    Given that the organisation wishes to promote a high involvement culture recommend mechanisms to promote this.

4)    Explain how you would ensure consistency and fairness throughout the organisation to avoid the issues previously mentioned, how would HR monitor this. 

All four areas need to show that you have critically evaluated your recommendations and shown reasoned arguments for your decisions based on an analytical approach to the organisational needs.  All your recommendations need to demonstrate an awareness of the realities of the business such as cost and resource implications.   The CEO is not easily persuaded and will want to understand fully your reasoning and why your feel your decisions are the best choice for this organisation. 

Your report should be between 2500-3000 words.

Grade	Description
< 5	No understanding of the chosen paper, no external research evidence.
5-7	Basic understanding of the paper, major contribution and deficiency of the paper are not recognised and commented. Lack of relevant research evidence.
8-10	Good understanding of the paper, major contribution and deficiency of the paper have been recognised, comments are appropriate but lack of adequate research evidence.
11-13	Good understanding of the paper, major contribution and deficiency of the paper have been recognised. Comments are appropriate and with adequate research evidence. Constructive suggestions are attempted.
14-16	Good understanding of the paper, appropriately judge the contribution of the paper with reasons, fully aware of the deficiencies of the paper with adequate evidence. Comments are appropriate and constructive suggestions are valuable. Professional style of referee report.

 

Even ubiquitous computing has a wide role to play in creating and sharing the data objects any where required; a proper environment to support this infrastructure is always required. In most of the cases, Ubiquitous computing techniques fails due to these infrastructure issues, where some environments may not support the ubiquitous infrastructure. Always a sophisticated environment like newly constructed buildings are required to support the infrastructure of ubiquitous computing which is not practically possible all the time and this can be considered as the important limitation of Ubiquitous computing.

Another important limitation with the Ubiquitous computing is that, a typical ubiquitous computing design involves a wide range of devices and components that were produced by different manufactures and service providers. In general, each and every service provider will implement different and their own protocols which are suited for their own components. To design a perfect ubiquitous design, all these components should be integrated and during this process, it may become difficult to place all the components under a single platform and even there are some cases where the integration failed during assembling the ubiquitous components.

System administration of ubiquitous computing is really a tough job to implement. In a typical ubiquitous computing infrastructure, there are many computers connected from different places and if the administration is not proper, there are chances where the complete network topology is crashed and thus administration can be considered as really a challenge in Ubiquitous computing .

 Apart from the technical discussions covered by the author, even there are some limitations in the research process conducted by author. Author has considered a single location Korea for a limited period of time. Author has considered all the positive hypothesis statements and there is no scope for the negative hypothesis and negative questions in the questioners considered. If he has considered negative hypothesis statements, may be the empirical results would have varied a lot from the values that were presented in the table as discussed.

All the hypothesis statements considered are mainly focused on technical and business aspects and if the statements cover the end user perspective, more accurate results would have been achieved. Apart from the location based approach to gather the information, if the data is in global standards, where the same Ubiquitous computing technology is implemented across different environments and infrastructures, author would have got exact empirical results and hypothesis values and he failed in covering these aspects in terms of research.

Author has failed to gather the information from system administrator of Ubiquitous computing, where they can give more accurate technical and cost risks in installing the desired technology across the business values. Service providers of Ubiquitous components are also neglected in this research, where they face different problems in integrating the peripherals while assembling the ubiquitous design. Author has given the empirical results as different values and failed to provide the formulas used in calculating these values, where the users reading this article may not understand how these values are derived.

Conclusion: 

This complete article is based on the technical and business aspects of Ubiquitous computing and author has referred good references to gather the information. Basic research methodology implemented by author is really worth full and the hypothesis statements are quite positive to achieve the desired results. Empirical results derived prove these hypotheses in terms of System, service, information and business value.

With the proper implementation of Ubiquitous computing techniques, organizations can increase their business value and thus increasing the customer base. Using the ubiquitous techniques, customer needs can be directly identified and solved and thus organizations can directly reach the customers through the shared data objects. Author has failed to consider the limitations during the research and collecting the data and apart from these aspects, this is a good article to understand the u-business values based on the ubiquitous computing techniques.

This project paper completely deals with the business value of computing aspects and this can be considered as one of the burning topics across the business world. Author has considered Ubiquitous computing as the core business attribute to discuss this paper and referred many articles and references to gather the information. With the introduction of ubiquitous computing, there were many changes in the business world in terms of digital computing and its latest trends. Information technology has improved a lot with these digital trends and ubiquitous computing and changed the flow of business in the market and these trends are offering lot of improvements and opportunities across an organization. Companies are achieving competitive advantages with the implementation of these latest IT trends across the competitors. To update their information, organizations are using these trends across their CRM and supply chain management and with the increase of IT trends, organizations are posting their core values across the markets in a much sophisticated manner. 

The main project dissertation research problem considered by author is the impact of Ubiquitous computing in u-business terms and what are the important factors that need to be considered while talking about ubiquitous computing and how they affect the core value of computing in terms if u-business. System quality, information and service quality are considered as the important factors in this research and the role of these factors are considered through out the discussion. Business value, customers, and services are considered in terms of u-business. Below is the architecture of the research model considered by the author

This model can be considered as the perfect one to make the research on ubiquitous computing aspects. The basic research problem identified by author is perfectly fit in this context as these are important business and technical aspects across the digital computing today.  In terms of system quality, design of ubiquitous computing is more complex and advanced when compared with the traditional systems. In general, traditional computers support or server a maximum of two or more users, where ubiquitous computing can support large set of users at a single point of time with a rich user interface that was built in these systems and process many number of queries at a single point of time. Both the hardware and software enhancements of these systems make the users to use the system in a secure and stable manner as discussed by the author. Small components and nodes are connected across these ubiquitous systems and perfect design will help in integrating all the nodes considered at a single platform and make most usage of these systems. Ubiquitous provides better solutions in an environment where the cause of error and faults should be negligible and better optimized performance is required. Compos ability verification is one the advanced features provided by these digital systems, where each and every node is verified before they are integrated across the ubiquitous design proposed.

Information quality factor consider by author is another important aspect that make ubiquitous computing different from the other latest trends in digital computing. Information provided by these systems is exposed through out its technical life and changes as per the dynamic updates in terms of security and quality. As per the changing security and privacy policies of information, ubiquitous design ensures the data exposure in terms of data objects to the valid users and the changes are dynamically reflected across these data objects and ensure the accessibility and validity of the data as per author in this discussion. In terms of business, information provided by ubiquitous computing helps in gathering the customer information and tracking them.

Perfect study of customers and better marketing strategies can be implemented with the help of exposed information provided by these systems and in this perspective I can say that author has considered a good factor in explaining the research. Customers information include few aspects like, customers purchasing habits, their purchase history and based on this information, the actual customers can be identified and the relevant services can be offered to them by the organizations. Even customers can use the data objects provided by these systems to know the exact price of a good and how many people are using the same product and the corresponding price spent by them [3].  Customer data can be in terms of historical, personal and location based and this data can be used by sellers to introduce new offers across their organizations that can attract the customers personally. 

Service quality of ubiquitous computing can be defined in terms of technical and behavioral aspects. SERVQUAL is the important tool identified by many organizations in measuring the service quality and this mainly concentrates on the gap in the customer expectations and the actual services provided by the organizations to meet these expectations. Service quality can be evaluated in terms of the following aspects 

• Tangibility, which refers to the physical assets and equipments as per the customer needs
• Reliability, which refers to the ability to meet the customer expectations
• Responsibility, refers to the level of responsibility taken by organizations to satisfy the customer needs
• Assurance, refers to the level of confidence and promise given by organizations to the customers in terms of their services
• Empathy, which refers to the personal attention provided by the organizations towards the customers 

Customer value in terms of ubiquitous computing can be better explained in terms of shopping. Author has considered customer value in terms of u-business and to support his argument, I would like to evaluate the important aspects of customer supports that can be achieved with the help of ubiquitous systems across the shopping systems. Retail stores can be considered as the best source of customer data in terms of customer value. Information regarding the customer driven services can be in terms of health and food safety, environmental and ethical issues implemented by the organizations and the benefits achieved across the customer value.

A typical super market can be equipped with ubiquitous computing techniques, where it can integrate all the customer databases and get in touch as per the customer needs and satisfaction factors. Consumer associations can be implemented in a better way with the ubiquitous design implemented, where the in-store information can be integrated with the consumer data and thus sellers can upgrade themselves with the latest and exposed consumer data objects technically. Customers are provided access to the latest products information across the super markets and also they can associate with the consumer databases to know the purchasing behavior of other consumers across the same supermarket. Distributors can also provide their in-store information to the customers with the basic infrastructure available with them and thus creating a trust based environment with the customers and sellers.

Another important aspect considered by author is, creating the business value using ubiquitous computing. Ubiquitous computing is creating a lot business opportunities across the market. Human needs can be perfectly anticipated with these systems, where the exact behavior and activities of customers can be analyzed based on their data. Modeling the user behavior helps in creating lot of new business opportunities. Internet aware computing helps in identifying the perfect human needs and their final goal in terms of organizational business value.

Few important business aspects like how users behaving across the companies’ products and best recommendations and feedbacks can be evaluated with the data provided by these systems. Consumer activities can be tracked with the sensors provided by Ubiquitous design and this information is shared with the vendors and thus, these vendors can use this information to improve their business opportunities. Information sharing based on internet helps in collaborating new business opportunities, where the information is gathered from different physical and virtual objects. Below figure is an example, how the ubiquitous information is used to create new business opportunities . 

Business process value provided by Ubiquitous computing discussed by author plays a very important role in the factors affecting the u-business in terms of both technology and business. When compared to internet, ubiquitous computing provides much safety and quality in terms of security across the large enterprise business applications. Automatic inventory system is one of the examples that can be considered while discussing the process value of business in terms of   ubiquitous computing. There are three important ubicomp technologies that have a major role to play in terms of business process and they are Localization,

Sensor technology and Automatic identification. Automatic identification can be used in identifying the products and delivery units. Barcodes, smart cards and RFID are few examples of these automatic identification systems.  Localization can be implemented with integrating the technology with automatic identification and thus improving the process to gather the local information based on the location considered. Most of the business problems can be solved with these techniques and as an example, all the business organizations are looking forward for latest innovative techniques. Inefficient information flows are responsible for the business failures and they can be perfectly rectified with the help of proper implementation of Ubiquitous computing design. 

Theoretical background given by author mainly focus on Information systems and their evaluation. Author has covered all the factors that affect the IS and the major security and performance issues of IS and has mapped the success factors of IS to the IT industry in terms of business and them evaluated the emerging technologies like ubiquitous computing. As per authors view, ubiquitous computing is an emerging technology of IS, where different people can connect over these computing techniques and share the data and knowledge by connecting to the network from any where across the world. As per Mark Weiser, Ubiquitous computing can be considered as the third generation computing techniques, where the required computers nodes can be identified any where across the desired network. There are two previous generations of computing like Mainframes and PC’s and now the third generation has a lot of differences and the trends in these computing techniques.

There are several forms of computers that can support this ubiquitous computing technology like Tabs and PADS, where the main constrain in using these devices is about the power consumption and the size of the device. Another important aspect covered in this theoretical discussion by author is about the u-business values. Production and management process can be optimized with the introduction of U-business process with the implementation of information technology in terms of business and few processes like CRM, supply chain management, business to business (B2B) and business to customer (B2C) can be automated with this business process.

Product development and distribution process can be automated with the introduction of u-business process. All the products and services can be created and distributed as per the consumer needs by the organization with the knowledge of shared data objects. Consumers can use the U-business process and values effectively with the intelligent components in the ubiquitous computers like the sensors and chips and make the users to use the system in a convenient way. RFID can be considered as an important component in ubiquitous computing and with the proper implementation of RFID technology across the production process; the production rate can be increased. Few factors like increasing the operation ratio, raw material utilization and decreasing the labor cost can be achieved with the RFID implementation. 

Research methodology implemented by author to gather the information is an excellent contribution to this work. Five point scale survey is used to gather the information from different users and organizations that are using the ubiquitous computing technology. Interviews are conducted across 1550 people directly through the questioners prepared and also online interviews. Direct interviews and internet based interviews can be considered as the best option in gathering the information and thus I can say, author has taken good source to collect the relevant data. Interviewing the right people who are using the ubiquitous computing technology will always result in good results and thus author has succeeded in gathering almost 143 questioners were answered by the people who are using the RFID technology in their business process like production. PLS regression methods are used to test the data provided across different questioners and this can be considered as the best method adopted by author to test the reliability and validity of the data.

Author has implemented Hypothesis method to prove the assumed statements and developed 12 hypothesis and thus proved each and every hypothesis with the data evaluated from the PLS regression method. System stability and ability along with the information relevance is considered as the important factors in developing these hypothesis statements. Few industries like electric and electronics and distribution industries are considered to gather the information from these industry experts, where the maximum usage of ubiquitous computing is done.

The empirical results produced based on the investigation done by author shows the clear description of the usage of these systems. Research is done based on few factors like number of employees, their age and the corresponding annual turnover of the organizations. RFID based logistic management; car navigation and U-banking was the core competencies considered in this research. Survey is conducted based on few dimensions like System quality, information quality, service quality and u-business value, where the survey items include few questions like the easy of using them and the number of people accepting the hypothesis considered by the author. Demographic characteristics are presented in a tabular form with the appropriate percentage values. Following are the important demographic factors considered 

• Industry area
• Number of employees
• Age and Gender
• Annual turnover
• Job position 

As per the results it is clear that few factors like ease of use, stability, reliability, secrecy doesn’t play a great role in terms of Ubiquitous computing and this is as per the survey results. Customers, business and information quality has a greater influence with the implementation of Ubiquitous computing techniques. Based on the empirical results, following are the conclusions from author side and even I too agree with these results as per my research done 

• System quality is directly proportional to the system accessibility. As per the confidence factor of 0.01 of empirical results, it is clear that greater system accessibility will lead to much usage of ubiquitous computing techniques.
• Information quality and timeliness has a positive affect on the ubiquitous computing, if the techniques are fixed to the timelines provided to the system
• Better service quality is directly proportional to the usage of ubiquitous computing. With the proper implementation of better software, hardware and networking solutions the usage of ubiquitous computing can be improved and vice versa
• Usage of ubiquitous computing will increase the customer base, business and process values as well and thus ubiquitous computing shows positive results towards the main customer and business values. Increase use of ubiquitous computing will also lead to improvement in sales, market base and also the typical customer base. 

Based on the complete discussion of author, it is clear that Ubiquitous computing plays a very important role in enhancing the system quality, information quality and good customer and business values. Information management and business process management can be better achieved with the proper implementation of Ubiquitous computing techniques. Customer database can be easily shared among the service providers in terms of data objects and service providers can produce the goods and services as per the customer needs based on the historical purchase behaviors of respective customers and their personalized data.

When the factors considered to proceed with the research are compared, information quality is on the top of system and service quality and customer base has important role than the service provider’s base. Author has collected information from different resources to proceed with the research and even though there are few limitations while using the ubiquitous computing techniques that were not covered in the author’s discussion and few of them are discussed below

In the tourism sector the Ecotourism is a sub sector and it is fastest growing sector. In the Ecotourism the people who are participating having more concern about the Earth’s natural resources. The Ecotourism means the tourists travel to a undisturbed areas to watching, enjoying the nature and scenery of rare plants and wild animals. The tourists coming from different places may enjoy the nature in the Ecotourism without disturbing the animals and also preserving the nature and natural resources. The Ecotourism also helps in improving the economic growth in these areas.

Even, there are some problems with this Ecotourism. If avoiding of such problems there are more benefits from this Ecotourism. The tourism industry collecting the money from the tourists will help in many ways as donating the money for the schools, developing the infrastructure, mainly developing the people who are living in the local area.

The money collecting from the tourists will be use to preserve the nature or environment of the Ecotourism area. By using this money the tourism taking the security precautions for the nature and as well as wild animals which is living in that place.

This money also useful to protect the natural resources like the plants used in the medicine, which are rarely appear in the forests. The tourism industry can give the protection to the natural resources by protecting the nature and maintaining the security for natural resources.

It shows the major difference in the economy of local people. If this money will donate to the schools for the development, the percentage of education will be more. This is very important in Benefits of Ecotourism. The children will be more educate about how the nature is? How are we protecting this? What are the safety precautions to preserve this nature? and many more. This is very useful in both the ways, for the nature and for the people too.

This money plays a major role in developing the infrastructure of that particular place. The development of roads and many other facilities of the people will increase the Ecotourism. This is also a great benefit of the Ecotourism.

In the same way developing of Holy places will increase the spiritual way in the human being. The tourists will definitely visit these Holy places and learn the culture of that place. Even the local people will learn much other religion and learn to respect one and another.

In order to protect the nature, preserving the natural resources and saving of wildlife every man should follow some do’s and don’ts. These are some benefits gaining from the Ecotourism.

There is also some disadvantages like compromising of land, in terms of income prospects. So avoiding of all disadvantages there are much benefits in the Ecotourism. This will be good by taking some precautions from the relative government. In order to protect the Ecotourism destination regions the government should follow some rules.

They are

1. Imposing fines on tourists when they break the rules.
2. Security guards should be arranging near important places.
3. It provides good accommodation to the tourist.
4. The government should train the locals in the way that they can protect their regarding.

• Taken away the valuable herbs and medicinal plants

Here some of the ecotourists are taking away the valuable herbs and medicinal plants from the ecotourism areas. In this way ecotourists are doing harm to the locals directly and indirectly. Here some ecotourists are exporting the valuable things to their areas illegally.

• Residents may leave

For the development of ecotourism, the local residents were shifted to another area. Some of the people are shifted the areas forced by the developers. Here business men are forcing to leave their place .This leads the residents to migrate to another place forcefully.

The ecotourism development is always may leads to affect the Areas. The Areas which are like natural resources, natural attractions, Environmental degradation, economic instability, cultural distortions and excessive development.

• Natural Sites 

Natural sites are damaged or even destroyed for the fast development of Ecotourism. The human activities also damage the natural resources. The pollution will affect the natural resources. So, next time the natural sites have nothing to attract the visitors. To overcome this, these areas are prevented by the ecotourism development. Disturbing the natural impacts along with their artificial items. Increasing the development of natural based ecotourism, economists have to spend the more economic values for the protection of natural resources. Wetlands, rain forests are the natural resources for the local community. If the natural tourism is destroyed then the local communities are also spoiled.

• Environmental Degradation

Tourists are destroying the resources, when they are visit that places. Environmental Degradation happens in many ways like trail erosion, Trampled Vegetation, soil damage and litter. Changing the behavior of animals as migration, reproduction and eating habits. Soil damage will be occurs by the walking. Deforestation will be the one of the cause of environmental degradation. Unsustainable Agricultural, urbanization and industrialization may leads to deforestation. Pollution from the different type of vehicles, factories are affecting the environment. 

• Economic Instability

Economic Instability will be occurs in the development of ecotourism. Natural disasters can easily destroy the infrastructure of the tourism places. That time, the tourism development spends the more money to reorganize the infrastructure. Spent the money on the public related companies instead of ecotourism. The international tourists were spending the more money rather than the local people. Ecotourism with itself having economic benefits along with their political and social benefits. 

• Crowding 

Crowding will be the problem of both natural sites and communities in the development of Ecotourism. The communities are stay at commercial centers for a long time. The residents have to stay for a longtime to take dinner at the local restaurants. This crowd will be the nuisance for the visitors. And the international tourists were disappointed while travelling a long distance. In the ecotourism the local communities are having negative impacts. 

• Excessive development

If many number of tourists are visit the popular location, then the local entrepreneurs will arrange the lodging, restaurant and other facilities. Ecotourism development increases the tourism services like hotels, restaurants, employees when the tourists came from other countries.  These demands will pressure on the basic services like water supply and electricity etc… it will be burden on the municipal corporation

• Hunting of animals

Here, ecotourists use to hunt the animals for the purpose of enjoyment. It leads destruction of forest. So it leads to decrease the animals. Then it directly affects the locals. Here the people also use to export the animals skin and ivory to various countries without knowing of locals people.

Ecotourism also helps residents in various ways. On them the important factors are

1. Conservation

2. Economic benefits

3. Cultural advantages.

4. Awareness

5. Protection

Conservation:

The Ecotourism provide worldwide awareness to the ecotourism areas.The funds collected from the ecotourists will be used to conserve the forest, parks and also used to improve those areas. The money will be collected from ecotourists by taking entry fees to the parks etc.This fund will be used to improve the areas.

Economic benefits:

Ecotourism destination regions are often underdeveloped areas. They are unaware of global development. So Ecotourism make those to aware of all these things. Government will build various hotels for the ecotourism accomadation.So it indirectly help the locals. That also trains the locals in hospitality and also on marketing. In this way Ecotourism help in economic development of locals.

Cultural advantages:

Ecotourism also gain cultural advantages to the locals. By coming here ecotourists will know about their culture and ethical values.Ecotourist collect the information about the culture and pass it to the outside world. In this way their culture will get the global recognition throughout the world.

Awareness:

The main use of the Ecotourism is Awareness. Mostly the ecotourism’s destination regions are very underdeveloped countries. They don’t even know about the global world and its development. They don’t know anything about the outside world. So for this type of areas, Ecotourism helps to aware about the outside world and their culture. Ecotourism provide recognition all over the world to the ecotourism destination regions. Even locals will improve themselves with the help of ecotourists. By seeing ecotourists  locals will also develop in different sectors example in education, vegetation etc.

Protection:

Ecotourism help to protect the wild life.Ecotourist made a strategy programs to aware the people about the importance of flora and fauna.Th fund which was collected from ecotourists is used for to protect the wild life and also to protect the locals.

In this way ecotourism will help the locals in various factors. It helps locals to improve in various fields that are in education, agriculture, transportation, shelter etc. Ecotourism proves good in these aspects. It will help the locals to develop themselves.

Inequalities in elements rise between ecotourists and locals.

But here ecotourism’s life style and residents lifestyle is totally different. So because of this it leads to so many inequalities between them. Those elements are:

Transportation: 

Because most of the ecotouristss are from developed countries, so their transportation is sophisticated and convenient but the ecotourism destinations regions are underdeveloped so here transportation facilities are very poor. So this makes ecotourists so much of troubles.

Education:

Here the ecotourists are from different region their level of education is different and the locals are from small region they don’t have school and they will be unaware of this. Most of the people are from this area are illiterate. It makes a lot of difference between local and ecotourists.

Life expectancy:

There is lot of differentiation in life expectancy of ecotourists and residents. Because the people who reside in the ecotourism destination areas doesn’t have any hospitals and good doctors. The people who reside there were unaware of the problems which leads to health’s problems. They don’t have hospitals and medical shops. There most of the areas use to take medicine from herbs, the way of curing the diseases is different. So life expectancy will be different for ecotourists and residents. So in this way they are differing in their life expectancy.

Culture and values:

There will be lot of variation in resident’s and ecotourists culture. Here the ecotourists are from different regions so their cultures are also different. Example South African culture and American tourist are totally different, so cultures are different for different ecotourists and in the same way the culture of locals is different. So here founds inequality in ecotourists and locals.

So in this way different inequalities will be raise among themselves because of culture, education, life expectancy, transportation, education etc.

• TYPES OF INEQUALITIES IN ECOTOURISM 

There are several types of inequalities that appear in ecotourism concept. It is very difficult to identify and determine the inequalities by ecotourism. The key factor of ecotourism is its effect on people in the destination regions. Management of effects should be determined carefully. This is very important to measure the impacts. Once this is done efficiently we can analyze the impacts. There is a possibility of less usage of local resources in the rural areas like wood and several medicinal plants due to ecotourism. Several impacts are as follows. 

• Inflation: 

There are several destinations which are suffering from excessive prices. Due to the tourism development, the prices of goods and services increased excessively. So the residents who belong to that particular place face problems to survive their lives. 

• Income distribution: 

Ecotourism development sometimes distributes the incomes within the destination regions. It creates more inequalities. Sometimes the residents benefit from the programmers by modifying places like wells, rising funds to the schools. In such situations the people who stay there will benefit.

Above are the impacts which mostly raise due to the ecotourism development activities. The following are different types of inequalities which are specific under development activities. 

• Land:   

    The tourists usually come by vehicles. Due to the excessive use of vehicles the soil gets degraded and may reduce its nature. There may chances of erosion. The temperature of soil may get unbalanced. So due to the ecotourism activities the fertility of soil also get reduced. This is a great loss of soil nature due to the usage of vehicles. 

• Planting: 

    Ecotourism development activities affect the planting or vegetation. Usually the tourists walk and watch the places. Every time the place to which tourists come is busy with no of people so the soil may loss its fertility. Obviously it leads to dryness of land so that the plants would not grow with those nature limitations. For a plant to be growing it needs temperature, fertility and so on. But the resources which are needed get reduces due to walking and use of vehicles by the tourists. 

Reduction in population of insects: 

The no of small species were reducing day by day .some of the names of insects also not known to us. There are several kinds of small species, in which most of them were destroyed only because of ecotourism. This is verified and proved by a survey done by researchers. Some species which are very helpful in growing of fields, reduced due to the ecotourism. 

Amphibians: 

These species are small living creatures that are having spine. The aquatic species such as fish stoneflies cannot get their food resources due to the pollution present in the water. So the population of aquatic creatures gets reduced. Tourists will go for boating, swimming etc, which yields pollution of water which directly impacts the aquatic species. In this way ecotourism directly or indirectly affects the reptiles,   so that the population of amphibians gets reduced. 

Impact on Birds:                                   

There are some places which are for hunting, shooting for tourists in order to attract tourists. In such places there may be sound and air pollution, due to that the birds affects a lot and moreover the population is also get reduced. In some places boating is also affects the bird species like cranes. Because continuous boating leads to severe water pollution and directly affects the bird species causes decrease in no of birds.

Birds are flying creatures those who increases the beauty of the nature. But now more no of birds are decreasing due to ecotourism.

Based on the above information, final conclusion will be on ecotourism development .The activities should be done for the sake of residents and several living creatures, not to spoil the environment and species. For the protection of small species like beetle the ecotourism development should do some activities to prevent the decrease in population and also prevent tourists from shooting. Considering above all the ecotourism directly or indirectly affects the nature and it remains the same with development activities of ecotourism.

• Ecotourism- advantage or trouble?

Ecotourism is involved in both cases. Some advantages involved in ecotourism:

• Tourism revenue will be increased.
• Employment will be generated by management sector and resource development sector.
• Ecotourism also influences surrounding environments like hotel, travelling system and restaurant etc.
• Ecotourism also helps local people in tourism place. By developing tourism place some facilities for that area like road, water soon will be improved.

Some disadvantages by this Ecotourism:

• By tourism activity, water pollution, garbage will be increased in tourism place.
• Arrival of tourists and entrepreneurs may cause social and economic digression on local people.

• Revenue

The relevant case for Ecotourism is revenue. State is having some income on tourism places. So if place is having lot of visitors, it will increase revenue of government. 

• Contribution on Wildlife protection

This case is also one of the relevant cases in ecotourism. Wild life conservation will minimize negative thoughts in human beings about wild animals. This section will improve natural asserts. Now in world, wild animals count is decreasing. So by implementing this activity new generations can know and see wild animals. 

• Marine tourism

Marine tourism is stressing topic in ocean and coastal areas. Now a days, people is showing interest to see enjoyable places like beach, waterfalls etc comparing to historical places. But problems raised in coastal areas will require scientific conditions, planning, and problem analysis in those places. 

• Ecotourism development case

Development deals with preservation and development of natural and environmental resources. This case study involves identifying factors which are involved and finding ways to implement this factor in Ecotourism for best results. 

• Value of Biodiversity

Preserving and not spoiling planet resources are coming to biodiversity. By Ecotourism biodiversity is so influenced. Some chances are there to improve values of biodiversity like gardening, making films related to nature and giving seminars on improvement activities soon. 

• Employment sector

The travel industry also influence employment sector. For example, tourism related photographs are 50% in world and employ growing rate is 5.2% per year. 

• Education field

In education field also ecotourism is implemented. Some schools and colleges are providing educational tourism program for their students to show some historical and natural places. Government is also including some lessons on tourism places like Hyderabad, Agra etc in student’s books to educate them about tourism sector. 

• About tourists

So many visitors and tourists come to see place from different places and culture. So it is necessary to provide resources and facility for tourists needs. So surrounding environment to tourism place should be maintained clean and adjustable by tourists.