Category: Electrical Projects

Introduction to protective relaying:

Protective relaying is a system security technique which eliminates the problems occurred in the device and protects unaffected portion. If the effected portions are not damaged then it reenergizes them to work. The main objective of this technique is to minimize the service interruption when abnormal situations occur. In this we will discuss two protective schemes which are employed in power transformer and motor.

Power transformer protection:

The transformer is an expensive device the damage occurs due to fault conditions like voltage over flow, short circuits and due to over load. The transformer consists of many components which are to be monitored at every aspect to prevent damage. Buchhoktz relay is placed in pipe of the tank which gives a alarm and closes the block when the pressure levels change in the oil tank. In differential method wires are connected at the ends of the transformer which corrects the faults occurred due to phase difference. A bypassed differential relay is used monitor the transformer ratio. Harmonic restraint is used which employs a tuning technique for filtering the harmonic currents. If the differential protection scheme is not provided then it is provided with restricted over current and earth fault protection which serves the same purpose. To protect the transformer from thermal heating, thermo couples or resistor temperature detectors are placed in winding of the coils. Due to higher magnetic currents over heating of coil and insulation failure may occur which is prevented by over fluxing protection.

Motor protection:

Low voltage motors are protected by using HC fuses which prevents the faults due to short circuits and over currents. For higher voltage motors different protection schemes are used at various levels. By employing temperature detectors the bearings are protected from overheating. To reduce the loss of supply caused by back emf armature type relays are used. To protect the motor insulation from thermal stress thermostats are employed. By sing a bimetallic relay or a phase balance relay we can protect the circuit from unbalanced voltage conditions. Thus we can employ various protection schemes for electronic equipments from getting damaged from abnormal conditions.

Download Protective Schemes for Various Electrical Equipment’s Project Report.

Electro Mechanic Inverter Project Report covers detailed explanation about project.Here we provide introduction to this  project.

The functioning of certain switching and control circuits requires AC power supply but they are supplied with DC current supply , so in order to convert dc to ac we use inverter. The conversion is obtained by using rotary converter or motor generator sets. Direct current is a unidirectional current and it is obtained by supplying rectifier with ac current. The movement of electric charge will be in reverse in ac current. In this paper we will discuss the circuit which converts the 12v dc to 230v ac. The waveform of ac will be sinusoidal signal , and this waveform can be modulated to carry information.

Circuit description and operation:

The circuit is built around IC1(cd4048) to which the input current is fed and it drives the output current to a step up transformer which  gives us the required 230v ac current. The 12v dc is connected to a LED so as know when the battery completely discharges the led does not glow. The IC acts as a astable multivibrator which operates around 50hz. Two mosfets are connected to pins of IC which acts push pull configuration. The input signal has many distortions which are suppressed by using a capacitor. By eliminating the distortions in the fed input signal is fed to the transformer where the alternating dc current in the primary winding produces ac current in the secondary winding. A rheostat is provided in the circuit to control the duty cycle.

Applications and future scope:

The inverted are being used in various appliances like ups ,variable frequency drives and in air conditioners. Depending upon the intended use of the inveterate certain advanced design patterns are approached. By introducing the thyristor or scr  a controlled rectifier inverters are developed.

Download  Electro Mechanic Inverter Project Report.

Introduction to uninterruptable power supply:

Un interruptible Power Supply Project is an electrical appliance which provides an emergency power to the main power supply when a breakdown occurs. Depending upon the requirement the ups are designed for low voltage and high voltage equipments. The main aim of the UPS is to provide a short duration of power supply so that the intended device can properly shutdown.

Working process:

The ups employs a double conversion method in which ac power coming from the grid is converted to DC current and at the same time it is passed through a rechargeable battery. When the breakdown occurs the battery power is supplied to the main power supply. Sometimes these are provided with diesel generators for longer duration of power supply. The time taken for the offline or standby ups to switch to battery power supply is around 25milli seconds.

Types of UPS:

We also use line iterative ups to overcome the under voltage break downs and over voltage surges. The line iterative ups are mainly useful for conserving the limited battery power. The online ups are similar to that of line iterative ups , but it has less voltage fluctuations and larger battery time for hours together, these rare mainly used in industries. The other type is hybrid topology or double conversion which switches to double conversion mode without using the battery power when the voltage fluctuations are beyond the limit. The rotary ups are used in industries where the power values are about 10000 watts. The ups acts as a power source during the time of power failures thus protecting device from shutting down in working mode.

Download Un uninterrupted Power Supply Project Circuit and Report.

Introduction:

This paper mainly emphasis on the working of LM317 regulated power supply. LM317 can be the best option for providing protection to the complicated complex circuits. LM317 is a three terminal adjustable voltage regulator. This type of voltage regulators have output voltage in the range of  1.2 to 5.7volts and output current in the range of 0.1 to 1.5amperes. It has a capacity to develop a reference voltage of 1.25volts between the a adjustable terminal and output.

Regulated Power Supply Circuit design Using LM317:

The 230V AC coming from the grids is fed to step down transformer through a on off switch and 500ma fuse. The 30v AC output coming from transformer is converted to DC current by using Bridge rectifier. To eliminate the remaining AC components we need to filter  it by using 2200mf capacitor and the capacitor output is fed to LM317 regulator , where the voltage is adjustable in between 1.2 to 30volts, which is varied by using a 5k potentiometer. To protect the circuit from reverse currents a feedback is given by using a diode. By the addition of diodes and capacitors it acts as a protective circuit.

Future scope:

There are certain future prospects, one of them is noise effect of the circuit which is to be overcome so that we can get an error free output voltage. Thus we can conclude that by completely we can design a highly efficient power supply which gives protection to complex circuits from getting damaged.

Download Regulated Power Supply Using LM317 Project Report.

Automated Multistoried Car Parking System Project Introduction :

The best solution for today’s parking problems is automated multistoried car parking system which can be used in big companies and shopping malls where parking is provided in the floors. The main objective of this project is to make a effective use of the limited parking space and provide the exact location of the parking space for the drivers. The entire process is run on a 8051 microcontroller.

Working idea:

A display is providing in floors to know the count of the cars, so that the space can be allotted for the incoming vehicles. A lift is also available for carrying to the respective floors. A LED indicator is provide to the floors to know whether the lift is busy or free. A floor is reserved for VIP’s and they can come by entering their specified id. The microcontroller checks the id and the lift directly takes the vehicle to the respective VIP floor. A sensor is placed in each floor so that it senses the cars coming down and passes the information to the microcontroller. The microcontroller process the information and provides the lift . The information of the lift can be seen in the displays placed in the respective floors. When the lift is free it stops in the particular floor where the car is waiting. The working of the lift controlled by a stepper motor which is acts accordingly to the message given by the IC555 timer. The IC555 timer gets the message from the microcontroller.

Areas of implementation:

This working model can be effectively used in multi storied parking places where it is difficult for the human beings to monitor. This model can effectively work in such places and the vehicle owners do not go waste of time . There is a very unique situation where the remote system goes wrong.

Download Automated Multistoried Car Parking System Project Report.

Remote Monitoring and Control project Introduction:

Remote Monitoring and Control project explains about the need of remote monitoring is that the administrator must have complete information of the process ongoing in a client system. So the concept involved is monitoring a system activity from anywhere with the use of internet. This is an application software which works simultaneously on both the systems. The application software captures the screen shots o the client system and passes it to the administrator. The TCP protocols are used for communication in between the client and the administrator system.

Working:

Sockets which are the main components used for the record oriented data flow. First the authentication process is made so as to maintain the id of each user. Data events are programmed for a sequential flow of communication. The captured screen is send to admin in the form of bitmap. The data is sent by using WSA send option and received by using WSA receive option. The keyboard and mouse events are programmed so as to make the instruction executed on the end system given by the admin. The total software program is written using c language. The end systems communication is maintained by network protocols. The GUI of the software is created using visual c++.

Applications and Future scope:

These are mainly used in network administration system for having a control and information of the end system. This software can run on multiple systems bust as the number increases the processing speed of the data gets reduced. This is to be overcome by employing certain data compression techniques in between the end systems.

Download Remote Monitoring and Control project ECE Project Report.