Database Introduction – SQL Server Tutorial

DATABASE:  Database is a “collection of interrelated data”.

Ex: Sales D.B contains Sales data for ex: consumer’s products etc. 

  DATABASE TYPES:

1. OLTP: It is simply called Database

2. OLAP: Data warehousing. 

D.B:

-“Organizations Creates Database is to keep details about day to day transactions”.

-The Basic Operators Performed on Database are

•                        INSERT
•                        UPDATE
•                        DELETE
•                        SELECT

DBMS : {Database Management System}

System: software (or) set of tools.

It is a software to manage Database.

• DBMS is an interface between user & Database.
• DBMS is also called as “Database Server”.
• Database is introduced in 1970’s.
• FMS introduced in 1960
• HDBMS and NDBMS introduced in 1970
• RDBMS introduced in 1980
• ORDBMS and OODBMS introduced in 1990 

Files & FMS:

File Management System:

• Data  stored in files & data managed by using FMS (or) FPS (File processing System)
• Examples of FMS is COBOL Language. 

FMS

• More Redundancy (Duplication of data)
• More Inconsistency
• Less security
• Lightly Development
• It doesn’t support DATA INTEGRITY RULES

DBMS

Less Redundancy  (Because Of DBMS Follows the Normalization)

• Less inconsistency 
• More security
• Rapid Development Fast {Some tools Have DBMS i: e. RAD tools rapid Application development}
• DBMS supports “DATA INTEGRITY” Rules

1.  Primary key
2. Foreign key
3. Unique Key, etc

DBMS TYPES:

Outdated DBMS Types are

• HDBMS
• NDBMS

Presently used DBMS Types are

• RDBMS      
• ORDBMS
• OODBMS

These are all based  on “DATA MODEL”

DATA MODEL:

1. Model means representation of data.
2. Data representation can be

• Hierarchical Data model
• N/W Data model
• Relational Data model                                   

HDBMS:

• In HDBMS DATA Represented in the form of inverted tree.

Example: IMS [Integrated mgmt System] introduced by IBM.

Disadvantages:

• This supports only one to many relationships.
• It doesn’t’ support many to many relationships.
• Data retrieval is slow.

NDBMS:

• It supports all types of relationships.
• In NDBMS data represented in the form of “Nodes”

• Ex. Of  NDBMS is IDMS [integrated database mgmt system]
• IDMS introduced by IBM

Disadvantages:

• Complexity relationship.
• Data retrieval is slow.

RDBMS:

• This model is introduced by “E.F.CODD”
• He designs some rules are called “CODD Rules”
• 12 Rules are designed.
• A dbms which data file all CODD rules is perfect ”RDBMS”.

Rule (i): Information Rule:

• Data must be organized in 2d tables.

    Table:      Collection of named columns & unnamed rows.

   Ex:           Empid              Ename        Salary

                        1                          A               500

                         2                         B                600                        

• Vertical Columns are also called Fields (or) attributes.
• Horizontal rows are also called records (or) tuples.
• Intersection of row & column must be atomic [single].
• Records are uniquely identified by “primary key”.
• Tables are related using “foreign key”.

Examples of RDBMS:

•    SQL SERVER
•    ORACLE
•    DB2
•    MYSQL
•    SYBASE
•    INGRES
•    INFORMIX
•    TERADATA.

The first RDBMS is called “system R”. It is introduced by IBM.

ORDBMS:

• Which stands for obj. relational DBMS?
• ORDBMS= rdbms + OOPS
• It is not a new system; it is an extension of RDBMS.
• User defined Types [UDT] is introduced by ORDBMS.                                   

Address    {

                  House No                                   

                   Street                                

                   City

                   State

                    }

• Examples of ORDBMS are SQL SERVER, ORACLE.

OODBMS:

• It is extremely based on “oops”.
• Here data is represented in the form of “classes &Objects”