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Description: The research paper Distributed Packet Switching for LAN Ethernet Seminar Report speaks on Distributed packet Switching for Local Area Network (LAN).The research paper suggests that Ethernet is a contention media access method that allows all the hosts of a network share a link in a secure way. Ethernet has gained popularity because of its relatively easier integration into an existing system. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are comparatively more popular versions. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) allows sharing of bandwidth evenly without having to share with any other device. Such a thing has been designed to avoid collision when data is shared among various end users or nodes. CSMA/CD allows a secure transmission. Bridges and routers prevent effective transmission being carried out through the entire network.

How does CSMA/CD Protocol Work: Whenever there is a transmission process the host checks whether there is any blockage in the pathway? If there isn’t any the host goes about transmitting. The process doesn’t end here, the protocol keeps tracking if there is any transmission simultaneously from another host. If there is any interruption like that the protocol blocks it to facilitate smooth transmission once again. If there are multiple signals then also the protocol blocks. The hosts have to wait for the transmission, but until then there would be a timeout.

Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situations: With a connection from a switch to a host, with a connection from a switch to a switch, with a connection from a host to a host using a crossover cable.

Conclusion: Thus Ethernet plays a very effective role in secure transmission. It doesn’t allow multiple transmission and blocks interrupting transmissions until there’s a time out.

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Automation of Cars Description:

The research paper Automation of Cars- Embedded Systems Seminar For Electronics Students speaks about Automation of cars using the embedded systems. The research paper first and foremost explains what an embedded system is. It suggests that embedded as the name itself suggests is the integration of computing elements into modern electronic gadgets and machines. It is a way to make the machines think and work intelligently.

It is also about integrating various functions into a stereotype machine. Embedded system is a PC in a fridge, a car or a door or for that matter any other instrument with an enhance and intelligent communication behavior. AN embedded system is a PC that is ‘function-specific’ and that cannot take up all the additional works of a computer.

Autonomous vehicle or an intelligent car, a car that thinks has been a dream project of scientists since times immemorial. With embedded systems now catching up like wild fire the dream is now almost attainable. The research envisages an automated car by virtue of embedded systems that can zoom past the bridges, tunnels, bazaars, and many more places without going against the traffic rules at least once.

All the driver needs to do is sit in an Automation of Cars that is thoroughly and perfectly programmed to carry him/her to his/her destination. The car could be user specific too. The car would just start when the driver touches the steering with his finger. The finger print recognition which is a breakthrough is definitely a means of securing the car and protecting it against the predating car thieves.

An automated car like this would run without any human intervention, Mobile operated car is one fine example to get idea about car automation in present embedded system technology. The Geo positioning satellite (GPS) will give the car necessary information geography per second.

Conclusion of Automation of Cars:

The research paper suggests that the autonomous car is no more a distant dream and it is a reality. Technology should aim at designing more and more of such cars that will drastically cut short the rate of accidents across the world. What else these Automation of Cars are more disciplined too.

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Description: The research paper Embedded System Design and Challenges talks about the inherent difficulties that prevent effective design of embedded systems. It talks about the challenges faced by the domain and means of overcoming them. The complexity of the machine and the required chip design and the ever widening gap between the two is one potential reason for the design dysfunction of embedded systems. To reduce this gap in design productivity a number of propositions have been made in high-level modeling and validation.

Particularly advances have been made in ‘Abstraction and Reuse ` and ‘Structured design methods `. Structured design methods are Component-Based Design and Platform Based Design. There are many trends for design embedded system. Out of that highly programmed platform and UML for embedded software development are recent one. In unified embedded system development methodology, these two can be combined. Though these two concepts are powerful in their own right, their combination magnifies the effective gain in productivity and implementation.

The primary challenge of embedded systems is that it has to bring in the functionality of all the processes over a single chip. This is called System on Chip; only then this will be embedded in a hardware component facilitating a specific function of the electronic gadget or instrument. SOC consist of a range of building blocks from processors, memory, to communication and networking elements. There may be top down or bottom up approach to building an application in SOC.

Conclusion: Component Composition Framework is an exciting breakthrough that to a very great extent answers the challenges posed by embedded systems. The research paper also talks about the BALBOA Frameworks. Besides these there are many other technical challenges that need to be addressed. For example the research paper talks about reusing the SOC components. A successful installation of CCF will certainly consider better performance of SOCs in coming generations.

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Description: The research paper What is Embedded Systems Computers Electronics Seminar Topic speaks about Embedded systems. The research paper explains in detail what an embedded system is. For example it says that the embedded system as the name suggests is embedded into certain part of the body, car. It is modeled to a specific function/functionality of the car, unlike a PC which is capable of carrying out many other functions. Embedded system is set/embedded into a bigger body and behaves in a ‘function specific’ way. Embedded system is a computing device but is not set in a computer it is set in a non-computing device. Embedded system helps a non-computing system take up certain activities intelligently and effectively.

An embedded system consists of hardware (typically VLSI or very large-scale integrated circuits) specifically built for the purpose, an embedded operating system, and the specific application or application specification is considered to be an extension of the ISA bus specification. The PC /104 standard has since been extended to PC/104-plus to include the PCI bus. Embedded systems can also be built within a PC. This kind of activity modifies the entire PC into something that is ‘function specific’. For example a PC built into fridge that looks into only the functions of the fridge and offers suggestions too. Universal Micro system is a general-purpose hardware that can be programmed and used to develop applications for different embedded devices. Many modern appliances like MP3 players, ‘intelligent’ refrigerators, and watches use embedded systems.

Conclusion: Embedded systems have a bright future. The performance of a gadget could increase manifold by using the embedded technology. The only hitch is the development of so many hardware/software components that enact being function-specific. Intelligent cars, refrigerators and homes are some of the many wonders of embedded systems. Besides using the electronic gadget you can also take up some additional activities like surfing the net, communicating over phone or sending a text message and many more. The use of embedded systems is potentially unending.

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Description: The research paper All about Embedded Spiking Neural Networks gives a complete insight into Embedded Spiking Neural Networks. The research paper says that when it comes to perception at a deeper level the human brain outwits the computer. Sounds exaggerating but that’s how it is. Human brain is adept at understanding things like perception, pattern recognition, generalization and non-linear control. The computer scientists want to tap this extraordinary potential of human brain and expedite alongside enhancing the quality of some computational procedures. Neural networks tap the concept of functioning of human brain. Human communication greatly depends upon the reaction of neurons to impulses, for convenience the scientists have called them spikes. The aim is to generate such a thing in computers or work as a human computer interface.

What is spike: Lately the concept of ‘spike’ is gaining more footage and scientists are working towards smooth steering of more complex functions. The concept befits hardware implementations seamlessly. The concept suits hardware implementations because spikes use single bits to realize communication process and they weighed leaky integrators. The emphasis is now to create machines with extra logic so that they communicate effectively with the surroundings. The research on embedding spiking neural networks into reconfigurable hardware is going on. This is done in order to enhance the intelligent ‘interactivity’ levels of the system by greater degree. Neural networks have a wider scope, in fat all embedded systems which are involved in a complex communication behavior where intelligence becomes an unavoidable factor, spiking neural networks plays an important role.

Conclusion: Spiking Neural Networks and the concepts of embedding is a relatively young one. A rigorous research is going on and still much has to be done in the field. The algorithms developed for implementation are a few and there still is a need to come up with elaborate algorithms that will suit the purpose. Spiking Neural Networks comes up with a promise of transforming the work environment with efficient and intelligently interactive communicating systems.

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Description: The research paper Security Issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks Final Presentation Report describes what mobile ad-hoc networking is. A MANET is a mobile ad- hoc network that neither needs centralization nor infrastructure. It can be established at the point of need. A mobile ad hoc network is an independent basic service set that can be operated while moving. Such networks are usually established or created in times of need. Vehicular ad hoc network systems are implemented in traffic or along moving vehicles in order to have an intelligent transportation system or ITS. These work based on Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC).

Delay Tolerant Networking or DTN is a system that allows continuous communication in case there is a chance of breakup The research paper talks about Mesh networking as a way to route data and information through various nodes.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note commenting on the advantages and disadvantages as mobile computer networking. The research paper also suggests that the type of mobile networking becomes mandatory in critical situations. It also suggests that mobile networking can give some brilliant solutions to age old transportation problems.

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Description: The research paper All About Network Security and Cryptography CSE Student Seminar speaks about Network Security and Cryptography. The research paper suggests that network security is of crucial importance in these days of virtual connectivity and online transactions. Almost everything happens online these days, be it transacting money, or sitting through a University class and many many more. When there is such huge flow of information, there is also every need to be worried about the security threat which runs parallel to all the above mentioned things. There are hackers and other cyber criminals that are lurking just round the corner to grab the information and exploit you or the company for their won materialistic benefit. A thing like this could cost heavily both to you and the company, besides devastating your morale to a significant extent.

 What is Cryptography: Cryptography is the art of securing the data by means of encrypting it, i.e. giving it an undecipherable code. Cryptography secures the information from third party access and also gives the user access control. Authentication, authorization are the specific features offered by cryptography. Public key, single key and hash keys are the cryptographic mathematical algorithms that safeguard data from third part influence or attack. A single key as the name suggests uses a single key to encode and decode, a public key uses two keys that serve the purpose, and a hash key irreversibly encrypts the data. Cryptography is a benison to the domain of Computer Science Engineering.

Conclusion: The research paper concludes on a note that cryptography is an inevitable and indispensable domain to the domain of network security. Network security will be irreparably jeopardized without the advent of cryptography. Security is a difficult topic to discuss, the security concerns are strong and the concerns could be vulnerable. The paper suggests that awareness of security measures taken to secure information has to be generated around.

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