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This Project Report On Sound Operated Switch Using A Simple Transistor Circuit presents the design of a clap activated switch device that will serve well in different phonon-controlled applications, providing inexpensive key and at the same time flee from false triggering. This involves the design of various sages consisting of the pickup transducer, low frequency, audio low power and low noise amplifier, timer, bi stable and switches. It also consists of special network components to prevent false triggering and ensure desired performance objectives. A decade counter IC serves the bi stable function instead of flip-flop, special transistor and edge triggering network for low audio frequency.

The primary purpose of switch is to provide means for connecting two or more terminals in order to permit the flow of current across them, so as to allow for interaction between electrical components, and to easily isolate circuits so as to terminate this communication flow when need be. The motivating force behind this design is based on the desire to alleviate the problem faced by the aged and physically challenged persons in trying to control some household appliances. It also takes into considerations the illiterates that may have problems operating some “complex” hand-held Remote Control Units (RCUs). Therefore this report provides an introductory study on the basic principles involved in utilizing acoustic energy to control switching process. This is achieved by converting the energy generated by the “handclap” into electrical pulse, which is in turn used to drive an electronic circuitry that includes a relay, which in turn switches ON/OFF any appliance connected through it to the main. The device is activated by clapping twice within a set time period that is determined by a time constant (RC) component value in the circuit.

 Project Report On Sound Operated Switch Using A Simple Transistor Circuit Conclusion:

The clap activated switching device function properly by responding to both hand claps at about three to four meter away and finger tap sound at very close range, since both are low frequency sounds and produce the same pulse wave features. The resulting device is realizable, has good reliability and it’s relatively inexpensive.

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Project Report On Solar Power Water Pumping System: The performance of a solar water pumping system is discussed in this report; the system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a permanent magnet (PM) DC motor and a helical rotor pump. The operation of the PV array is analyzed using PSPICE. The efficiency of the system is improved with a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and a sun-tracker. Simulation and field test results are presented.

The main advantage is that the sunlight is intense, when the demand for irrigation is high. In addition to the solar energy available at the time of use so that the independent farmers or fuel supply of electrical cables. Solar pumps have the potential to revolutionize small-scale irrigation in developing countries in the near future. The technical feasibility of solar energy (photovoltaic) established. The pumps were important limiting factor is the high cost and lack of familiarity with the technology they require a concerted effort in the training of technicians and large-scale introduction in a region with already adequate technical assistance . However, incentives and initiatives, the payments to be made by multinational companies / authorities of the scheme in rural areas for small-scale irrigation systems in remote rural areas where electrification is an expensive affair spread.  The system model is the introduction of solar water pumps and irrigation systems to help provide sustainable development for farmers in the United Nations or in rural areas electrified. Various agencies and financial institutions are to assist in the development of credit-control to target rural area without electricity.

Project Report On Solar Power Water Pumping System Conclusion:

In conclusion, photovoltaic power for irrigation is cost competitive with traditional energy sources for small ,remote applications, if the total system design and utilization timing is carefully considered and organized to use the solar energy as efficiently as possible. In future, when the prices of fossil fuels rise and the economic advantages of mass production reduce the peak watt cost of the photovoltaic cell, Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy.

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This  Project Report On Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector explains about construction and fabrication procedure of solar cooker. A solar cooker needed no wood – just sun! With this in mind, dozens of research institutes developed solar cookers. It can also replace the traditional stoves burnt on firewood in remote parts of our country thus retaining our forests and ecological biodiversity. Foraging for fuel wood is a demanding task that reduces the time women and children have for school and profitable work too. The fossil fuels damage the environment and we are dangerously close to exhausting them completely .The solar energy options are therefore becoming more attractive.

The need to cook food for nourishment is fundamental to nearly every society and requires the expenditure of energy in some form. Solar energy can be harnessed to meet this need without the environmental and health problems associated with most other fuels. There are a wide variety of devices designed to capture the sun’s energy and harness it for cooking food; unfortunately, it is often difficult to compare these devices to one another. The use of solar energy to cook food presents a viable alternative to the use of fuel wood, kerosene, and other fuels traditionally used in developing countries for the purpose of preparing food. While certainly, solar cookers cannot entirely halt the use of combustible fuels for food preparation, it can be shown that properly applied, solar cooking can be used as an effective mitigation tool with regards to global climate change, deforestation, and economic debasement of the world’s poorest people.

 Project Report On Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector Conclusion:

Cooking with solar energy remains a fuel-saving technique, which can provide definite help in situations of fuel scarcity. Solar cookers and especially cooking boxes can be successfully locally made. However, the introduction of a new way of cooking results in radical changes in the rhythm of life in a community.

Download Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report On Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector.

Project Report On Solar Based Led Lighting Scheme: Solar Energy has long been the Holy Grail of the Non-Conventional energy sources. Many stupendous efforts have been exerted in an attempt to harness this free and simple form of energy for common man .This energy can be used as an alternative for electrical energy. The basic and major obstacle has been the huge infrastructure cost required initially.

Solar energy systems are less efficient use of solar energy for conventional lighting scheme is of little use. So to find an alternative to the conventional lighting scheme we thought of replacing it by LED lighting scheme. So we hope that this will protect a small but important step to increase the use of non-conventional energy sources and also for the global environment, reduce the burden on conventional electricity grid will be presented along with many other benefits.

LED is a light emitting semiconductor diode that emits light. LEDs are most often used in the form of an indicator light in electronic devices, traffic signal lights, musical instruments and dashboards in cars and in houses etc. The nature of the light emitted can be visible, infrared or ultraviolet.

Benefits of using LED light bulbs over standard light bulbs are traditional incandescent light bulbs waste up to 80% of its energy in the form of heat that they produce. LED light bulbs on the other hand save that energy since heat emission is minimal. For example, you may replace a 40 watts standard light bulb with a 4 watt LED bulb that emits same light output.

 Project Report On Solar Based Led Lighting Scheme Conclusion:

With the help of advanced techniques one can vary intensity of the bulbs smoothly so that they offer only the required amount of intensity and avoid unnecessary wattage loss. Solar Tracking Servo Mechanism, if applied will enhance the efficiency of the panel to a greater level. Bulb casings can be made of some kind of environmentally degradable materials.

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This Project Report On Schmitt Trigger presents a Schmitt trigger. Schmitt trigger is a wave shaping circuit used for generation of a square wave from a sine wave input .It is a bi stable circuit in which two transistor switches are connected regenerative. If the two transistors are Q1 and Q2 ,when Q1 is ON then Q2 is OFF or when Q2 is ON then  Q1 is  at OFF position.

Schmitt trigger consists of two identical transistors Q1 and Q2 coupled through an emitter resistor Re. Resistors R1 and Rb2 form a voltage divider across vc1 and ground. This provides a small forward bias to the base –emitter junction of transistor Q2. When the supply is switched ON, with no input signal, transistor Q2 starts conducting. The rise in current (Ie) of Q2causes a voltsge drop across Re ,i.e. Vre = IeRe. This voltage provides a reverse bias across the emitter-base junction of Q1 and it is driven into cut-off state. Since Q1 is in OFF state, the voltage at its collector rises to Vcc since the collector of Q1 is coupled to base of Q2 through the resistor R1, the forward bias for the transistor Q2 is increased. Thus Q2 is driven into saturation.

1. Schmitt trigger is used for wave shaping circuits.

2. It can be used for generation of a rectangular wave form with sharp edges from a sine wave or any other wave forms.

3.    It can be used as a voltage comparator.

4.      Schmitt trigger is used as amplitude comparator. It identifies the moment at which any arbitrary waveform attains a particular reference level.

 Project Report On Schmitt Trigger Conclusion:

A new Schmitt trigger circuit, which is implemented by low-voltage devices to receive the high-voltage input signals without gate-oxide reliability problem, is proposed. The new proposed circuit, which can operated in a 3.3-V signal environment without suffering high-voltage gate-oxide overstress, been fabricated in a 0.13-μm 1/2.5-V 1P8M CMOS process. The experimental results have confirmed that the measured transition threshold voltages of the new proposed Schmitt trigger circuit are about 1 and 2.5 V, respectively. The new proposed Schmitt trigger circuit is suitable for mixed-voltage input-output interfaces to receive input signals and reject input noise.

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This Project Report On Remote-Controlled-Screw-Jack aim for the following: Arrange & modify the conventional cylindrical lifting jack by putting extra ring in the center to grip the v belt assembly. Control the jack by remote. To arrange & modify the 12V big D.C. Motor by adding ‘v belt’ pulley at the output shaft. To construct an angle iron based structure to hold the entire assembly.

An electrically operated screw-type jack comprising a support base, a housing, a jack body, a lifting ram which is contained in the jack body, a servo motor which is contained in the housing, reduction gears for transmitting the driving power of the motor to lifting ram, a safety device prevent the motor and the power transmitting mechanism from an abrupt failure due to overloading, and a square head pin for conventional hand operation of the jack when the jack is overloaded. The safety device consists of a clutch disk, a clutch spring and a sleeve. The reduction gears consist of first sun and planet gears, second sun and planet gears and a sun gear cylinder. The remote is used for control the jack from distance. in case of heavy object the jack can be operated remotely. No need to control manually.

Remote-Controlled-Screw-Jack was first used in military fire-control and marine navigation equipment. Today servomechanisms are used in automatic machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas, and remote control airplanes, automatic navigation systems on boats and planes, and antiaircraft-gun control systems. Other examples are fly-by-wire systems in aircraft which use servos to actuate the aircraft’s control surfaces, and radio-controlled models which use RC servos for the same purpose. Many autofocus cameras also use a servomechanism to accurately move the lens, and thus adjust the focus.

Project Report On Remote-Controlled-Screw-Jack Conclusion:

The jack can be operated remotely. Can used by physically handicap persons to lift car or other things. Can used in workshop or by personal use. No need of human effort. Jack can control both remotely as well as manually. Heavy things can lift easily. These are designed especially for heavy duty shop applications and are used widely in the automotive industry.

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This Project Report On Real Time Operation Of Circuit Breakers addresses two important issues: a) how improved CB monitoring may be implemented in real-time, and b) what would be the benefits of such an implementation.

Circuit Breakers (CBS) are very important elements in the network. They are used to control other devices within and out-of-service switches. Breakers must be reliable, because their false cause significant problems with the network operation and control to protect. The current practice of monitoring circuit breaker operation and status in real time is the use of remote terminal units (RTU) of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to evaluate CB-reduced state. More detailed information about the control loop performance can be gained testers usually for maintenance diagnostics by CB. The results in this paper are from two research projects sponsored by Center point Energy and DOE-CERT in the development of software for the automated analysis of data from CB and the other to be financed out of the development of the CB data acquisition unit or target. The paper focuses on a prototypical implementation of a real time-CB-monitoring system described. The system consists of a new CB IED monitoring of data collection, gathered in the breaker and information about the operation in real time. The CB-PC files on the concentrator, where the application software enables the automatic analysis and makes an assessment of the operational status of the transfer switch. The software is based on signal processing and expert system processing. Application example based on actual field data is discussed, the report ends with some conclusions, acknowledgments and a list of references.

Project Report On Real Time Operation Of Circuit Breakers Conclusion:

The new CBMA system for real-time monitoring and assessment of circuit breaker operations provides for better understanding of condition and operating performance of each individual breaker by monitoring and analyzing expanded set of analog and digital signals from circuit breaker control circuitry.

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In this Project Report On Protection Of Low-Voltage Dc Micro-Grids, a low-voltage (LV) DC microgrid protection system design is proposed. The LV DC microgrid is used to interconnect distributed resources and sensitive electronic loads. When designing an LV DC microgrid protection system, knowledge from existing DC power systems can be used. However, in most cases, these systems use grid-connected rectifiers with current-limiting capability during DC faults. In contrast, an LV DC microgrid must be connected to an AC grid through converters with bidirectional power flow and, therefore, a different protection-system design is needed. In this report, the operating principles and technical data of LV DC protection devices, both available and in the research stage, are presented. Furthermore, different fault-detection and grounding methods are discussed. The influence of the selected protection devices and grounding method on an LV DC microgrid is studied through simulations. The results show that it is possible to use available devices to protect such a system. Problems may arise with high-impedance ground faults which can be difficult to detect.

An LV dc microgrid is well suited for naturally demarcated power systems, for example, office buildings with sensitive computer loads or rural power systems, but also electric vehicles and ships. Since ac distribution is widespread and not all sources and loads. Benefit from having a connection to dc,it is reasonable to consider a mixed ac/dc microgrid. A mixed ac/dc microgrid can typically be used in systems up to a few megawatts, and the issue regarding how to interconnect different sources, loads, and energy storage with the ac grid has earlier been treated.

Project Report On Protection Of Low-Voltage Dc Micro-Grids Conclusion:

In this report, control and protection of LV dc microgrids have been presented. An LV dc microgrid can be preferable to an ac microgrid, where most of the sources are interconnected through a power-electronic interface and most loads are sensitive electronic equipment.

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This Project Report On Gas Plant named as Gas Plant has been presented by National Thermal Power Corporation (N.T.P.C). The report starts with the introduction and complete description of N.T.P.C.  The project includes a development of the gas field, and constructions of the natural gas pipeline and a gas processing plant.  National Capital Power Station (NCPS) Or NTPC Dadri ,is the power project to meet the power demand of National capital region. It has a huge coal fired thermal power plant and a gas fired plant and has a small township located in Uttar Pradesh, India for its employees

As per the layout of the gas plant, the plant layout has been prepared in keeping with the plot configuration, area contours, requirement of the plant water system and power evacuation route. In this plant unlike coal as in the thermal plant gas is used as the fuel. Sometimes gas and HSD mixture is also used as the fuel for igniting the gas as the fuel pressured with high temperature is used the ambient air is first filtered and is then brought to the compressors where the temp and pressure of the air rises.

The maintenance of this plant is carried out as per the maintenance management system of NTPC. This system aims at maximizing the availability of generating units while ensuring minimum maintenance cost, safety of plant and personnel.

The report is also discussed about the pollution control measures, which includes, water pollution, air pollution and pollution monitoring. An environmental laboratory is established at site for regular monitoring of pollution parameters. A full fledge meteorological station has been setup in the   site to record meteorological parameters. The monitoring is conducted as per the requirement of pollution control board.

Project Report On Gas Plant Conclusion:

NTPC Dadri is a unique power plant of NTPC group which has both thermal plant and gas plant of 840 MW and 817 MW respectively. With this project will give a way to learn complete details about NTPC and gas plant.

Download Electrical and Electronics Engineering EEE Final Year Project Report On Gas Plant.