Category: CSE Paper Presentations

Introduction to Cluster Computing Seminar Topic:

Cluster computing is the integration of standalone computers and resources connected with the help of hardware, networks, and software to behave like a single computer. The technologies available today, have redefined cluster computing. It incorporates load balancing clusters and high availability clusters. Clusters are made up of standalone computers connected to a single or a group of interconnected switches operating at layer 2 and within  a virtual LAN. Each computer may have different properties like number of processors, access to various storage devices. The network used for this, contains high speed, low latency switches.

The factors like price, performance, and compatibility with other cluster hardware and system software as well as communication characteristics of the applications that will use the cluster decide the type of network technology to be used. Decisions like type of hardware the nodes will run on, which interconnect to be used, which switches architecture to build on, are to taken before assembling of a cluster. Each decision affects the others.

The benefits of the cluster computing are scalability, availability, and performance. In scalability, the compute nodes process together to run cluster-enabled applications. In availability, if one compute node fails, then other nodes provide backup to the running applications. For performance, all the nodes all the nodes run same application, and hence provide better performance.

There are different clusters to accomplish different tasks. High Availability or Failover Cluster are those which provide high availability to the applications or services. In this type of cluster, the compute nodes are connected in such a way that if a node fails then the applications running over it are transferred onto the other node. So there is uninterrupted availability of services to the user, though it reduces some performance, but in the mean time the failover node can be repaired.

This type of cluster is best for mails, file, database, web, or application servers. Load Balancing Cluster is another cluster type which is used to provide high availability. In this cluster, the nodes contain same contents and are able to handle same request. The incoming request is distributed among the different nodes. If some node fails, then the request is distributed again to the remaining nodes. This cluster along with fail over cluster gives high reliability and availability and is used in mail, web, news, or FTP services. 

Download  Seminar Report on Cluster Computing .

Introduction to GSM Technology seminar Paper Presentation:

Types of cells: The different types of cells are macro cells, micro cells, selective cells, umbrella cells.

GSM network identifiers: These are the unique numbers that a GSM network uses to locate a mobile subscriber when a call is being established. Numbering plans are used to identify different networks.

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): For correct identification over radio path and through the GSM PLMN network, a specific identity is attached to each subscriber. This identity is called IMSI number. It is stored in SIM card, the HLR and in VLR. IMSI consists of three different parts – Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC), and Mobile Subscribers Identification Number (MSIN).

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN): This is a temporary identity which is assigned during the establishment of a call to roaming subscribers.

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI): It is a temporary IMSI number and used to protect the subscriber’s identity on the air interface. The TMSI has local significance only.

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI): This is used to uniquely identify MS equipment to the network. It is used for security procedures such as identifying stolen equipment and preventing unauthorized access to the network.

Local Area Code (LAI): It is temporary identity, which is also required for routing. Its two main purposes are paging and location updating.

Cell Global Identity (CGI): It is used for identifying individual cells within a LA.

Base Station Identity Code (BSIC): It enables MSs to distinguish between different base stations sending on the same frequency.

Control channels: When an MS is switched on, it searches for a BTS to connect to. It is done by particular logical channel called BCCH. A frequency carrying BCCH contains important information for an MS, including the current LA identity, synchronization information and network identity. Without such information, MS cannot work with a network.

Handovers: The process of changing cells during a call is called handovers. In the handover function, actual switching of the connection to other channel takes place. If the cell belong to another BSC, the MSC is also involved in the handover. Handover is also used for load balancing between the cells. During a call setup in a congested cell, the MS can be forced over to another cell with less traffic.

Future of GSM: Today it is being used by 2.3 billion people worldwide and its growth is expected to be maintained.

Generation: The generations used are HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data), GPRS (General Packet Radio Services), EDGE (Enhances Data Rate for GSM Evolution), and WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)

Download  GSM Technology seminar Paper Presentation .

Introduction to Seminar Topic on GSM Architecture:

Mobile Station (MS): The MS includes all user equipment and software needed for communication with a wireless telephone network. It refers to the mobile phone. MS includes four main components namely Mobile Terminal (MT) which offers the common function that is used by all the services the MS offers, Terminal Interface (TE) which is a peripheral device of the MS and offers services to the users, Terminal Adapter (TA) that hides radio specific characteristics, and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

Cells: The cells are individual sets of transmitting and receiving equipment which along with its neighbor cells gives a complete coverage area of the network service area. The cell is an area of radio coverage which the network identifies with the Cell Global Identity (CGI).

Base Tran receiver System (BTS): It encodes, encrypts multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signal to the antenna. It consists of the trans receivers and antennas. It communicates with MS and BSC.

Base Station Controller (BSC): It has high capacity switch that provides functions like MS handover, power control, and call setup, transcending and rate adaptation functionally, radio channel assignment and the collection configuration data.

Mobile Service Switching Centre (MSC): It is the main part of the network. It manages communication between GSM and other networks. Its functions are call setup, basic switching and call routing, billing information and collection, mobility management, location updating, inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff.

Home Location Register (HLR): It is the database which contains data about mobile subscribers. Whenever a subscriber buys any subscription from any operator, his complete profile is recorded in HLR. When the subscriber moves to another location his MSC/VLR ID is accordingly updated.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR): It is a temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area. It controls mobile roaming in its area. It reduces number of queries to HLR. The database contains IMSIm TMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, Location area, Authentication key.

Authentication Centre (AUC): It is a protected database that stores a copy of secret key stored in subscribers’ SIM card and protects against intruders in air interface. It provides HLR with authentication parameters, cipher keys and algorithms and provides security triplets.

Network Management Centre (NMC): It provides hierarchical network management of the complete GSM system. It is responsible for operation and maintenance at the network level support by the OMCs which are responsible for network management.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR): It is the database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipments on the network. It is made up of white list, black list, gray list.

Gateway MSC (GMSC): This is used to connect different network operators to connect with their own network. The call first reaches the GMSC, the location of the called subscriber is searched in HLR, this information is send to the GMSC, then the GMSC routes the call to the correct MSC. The MSC is now connected with the MS, and the subscribers are connected.

Operation and maintenance centre (OMC): OMC is connected to all the devices in the SS and to the BSC and BTS. The links between a GSM/PLMN network and the other PSTN, ISDN or PLMN networks is on International or National Transit Exchange level. All the incoming calls to a GSM/PLMN Network are send to GMSC, then to MSC/BSC coverage area and finally to the correct BTS. MSC can have only one service area.

Location Area (LA): The MSC/VLR service area is divided into several location areas. A location area is a part of MSC/VLR in which a mobile moves freely. In this area, a paging message is broadcasted in order to find the called subscriber. A location area can have several cells and depends on one or more BSCs but it belongs to same MSC/VLR. The system identifies the location using the Location Area Identity (LAI).

Cellular Structure: The covering area of an operator is divided into cells. It is the area covered by one or small collection of transmitters. The size of a cell is determined by the power of the transmitter. In cellular system transmitters of low power are used to enable re usability of frequencies. The frequency band allocated to a cellular mobile radio system is distributed over a group of cells and this distribution of frequency will be repeated in all the covering area of the operator. The distance between the cells using the same frequency should be sufficient to avoid interference. The cells are grouped into clusters. The number of cells in the clusters should be small to increase the number of channels per cell. But a balance has to be maintained in order to avoid interference.

Download  Seminar Topic on GSM Architecture .

Introduction to GSM Technology Seminar Topic:

Access method:

GSM system uses TDMA which is digital transmission technology. In this, a number of users can access a single radio frequency channel to communicate without interference. This is done by allocating a unique time slot to each user within each channel. 

Narrow band vs broad band:

The GSM specifications are decided on narrow band TDMA. This is because of the disadvantages of broad band. First is each cell will contain a large number of carriers and each site use the same set of frequencies which provides simple planning for the individual operator. This will decrease the initial cost per site, but sets a limit for expansion of the networks.

Performance characteristics of GSM:

GSM system supports mobile and wireless communication of voice and data. It can be accessed globally. A chip card enables different service providers to works on same device. I has good frequency efficiency, small cells can allow large number of customers to communicate. The quality of voice and data is very good even in trains, cars, etc. It has security functions also like PUK code.

Services provided by GSM:

Three types of services are provided by GSM system. These are Telephony services, bearer or data services, and supplementary services.

Different types of subscriber advanced services are call bearing, Calling and Called Line Identification (CLIP), prevention against display of calling or called number (CLIR), call waiting and call hold-indication of incoming calls during conversation and the ability to switch to this without dropping the first one, multi-party calls with up to six parties, voice mails, data calls, GPRS internet on mobile, short message service, multiple subscriber number.

Download  GSM Technology Seminar Report .

Introduction to Seminar Report on GSM Architecture:

History of GSM:

The cell based mobile radio system was first thought of at the Bell Laboratories in USA in the early 1970s. During the early 1980s the analog telephone systems grew in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia, UK, France and Germany. The countries developed their own systems which were different in functioning, so they were incompatible with others. This situation was not good for marketing of mobile equipments. To resolve these problems, Conference of European Posts and Tele Communication (CEPT) formed in 1982. The Grouped Special Mobile in order to develop a pan-European mobile cellular radio system. In 1989, the responsibility for GSM specifications passed from the CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI). The commercial use of GSM started around mid 1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries. Over 200 GSM networks are operational in 110 countries. GSM now stands for Global System for Mobile Communications.

GSM – Basis of current mobile system:

GSM is a second generation standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was introduced by European telephone exchange offices. It uses frequency ranges of 900, 1800, and 1900MHz. Voice is transmitted through the bandwidth of 3.1KHz and data connections with up to 9.6Kbits/s. It provides Short Message Service(SMS).

GSM system specifications:

In 900MHz GSM system, the uplink frequency band is 890MHz to 915MHz and downlink frequency band is 935MHz to 960MHz, duplex distance is 45MHz, carrier separation is 200KHz, transmission rate is 270Kbps, TDMA access method is used. In 1800MHz GSM system, the uplink frequency band is 1710MHz to 1785MHz and downlink frequency band is 1805MHz to 1880MHz, duplex distance is 95MHz, carrier separation is 200KHz, transmission rate is 270Kbps, TDMA access method is used.

Download  Seminar Report on GSM Architecture .

Introduction to Seminar Topic on Fault Localization by Using Probe in Computer Networks:

The Fault Localization is the identification of the location where faults occurs. It leads to malfunctioning of the system. The project is about the detection and trouble shooting of the fault by the method called Probing. Probes are the detection transport which is specific and go through the network. We used the active probe that can detect the fault localization. We focus on building a tool with proper architecture and design.

The Fault Management has to solve the following problems.

1. The identification for presence of failure in the network.
2. To detect the Fault Localization exactly the element which has failed and its cause.
3. To separate the Fault and let the system or network run without any interruption.
4. The reconfiguration of the network which reduces the influence of the fault by restoring the stopped connection.
5. To replace the fault element with new element.

The Fault Localization consists of Error which is the incorrect sequence that occurs. The Fault can be generated from one or more error. This Error develops and enhances the failures of the system. The failures can be seen with some defects called Symptoms.

The Fault detection is very important aspect in Network Fault Management. Though the Fault in the Network system is always occur, the early identification and its separation can make system more vigorous, dependable, connective and working. But huge Network systems, the Fault detection is difficult.

The Fault Management has two types.

1. Passive approach: This approach is to detect the fault location based on the signals received by network system.
2. Active approach: This approach is regular checks of the status of the network system that works properly or not.

The Probing technique is the active approach of fault location is determined by the status of the system provided by the probe. The effectiveness of fault localization is based on the various Probes and its route. 

Download  Seminar Report on Fault Localization by Using Probe in Computer Networks .

Introduction to Seminar Topic on Wireless LAN:

The Local Area Network is the connection and network of the computers in a limited area of about 1 kilometer. The analysis stage of the LAN consists of observing the trouble and troubleshooting, to focus on the work of the system. The design phase requires the understanding of specification that has to match. The design includes the sketches and paper work of the system network. It has to be initiated with the overview for the installation. The application of the LAN can be explored by first physically installation of hardware, active cables for connection, installation of the software.  To use the applications of LAN the personnel should be trained. The system network has to go for the testing and debugging to match with all required specifications and its assets. The security is tested by simulated hacking and intuitions. 

The system operation and Maintenance stage is utmost required to overcome in the stage of broke down of the network which leads to the shutdown of the network. This can be achieved by the expert staff to observe on the network. The maintenance and operation requires the voltage limit specifications, the connector’s specifications, the accessibility of the electrical appliances and the circuits.

The Network regulates the paths of the data by instructing the domain address for route messages.  The domain address mentions the location of the address and specifies the transfer of the packet data from one end to the other end in the network.

The transport facility is done by the interface for communications to the high level. The Upper layers gives this facility to not be interrupted from the below hardware network and topology. The tough protocols are made for the Upper layer. The protocols connect the remote systems by this layer. The security questions like Password are being asked in the Upper layer. The presentation, encryption and the compression are mentioned in the Upper layer.

The application layer is the user interface software that includes the remote login, the file transfers to the network, e- mails and the web page browsing.

The LAN networks are of different types- Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI.

Download  Seminar Topic and Report on Wireless LAN .

Introduction to Technical Topic on Ohm’s Law Communication:

The Project is the work of study about the description of constructing and establishing of electronic circuits, instruments, maintenance and troubleshooting of the computerized systems, installation of the applications, to make and then host of the website, procuring the electronic devices and other related software’s. 

While developing the electronic circuits everything must be sort out for the need of any instruments required and removed and observation of the finishing of construction, the whole construction has been done on the stage or a electronic establishment board. 

The construction stage or board is of three different types: 1. Strip, 2. Matrix and 3. Printed circuit board. For this study we consider the Printed circuit board because of its easiness, accurate and neat structure and construction. I had got the better understanding of production of Printed circuit board. The Printed circuit board is made up of copper; the board possesses the printed electronic components. The electronic circuit’s production is easy and following:

1. Clean the copper board by washing till the white surface appears.
2. Print the system designed circuit on the board.
3. Ironing of the circuit on to the board.
4. To separate the circuit that has designed from the nylon.
5. Make the perfect circuit size with minimum size.
6. Wash the carbon from the board with the help of Sam paper. 

Integrated Circuits 

The Integrated Circuits or IC’s are highly complex circuits which has constructed in the minute chips of Semiconductor or Silicon. The semiconductor IC is hold in the plastics which possesses Pins separated by 0.1” or 2.54 mm grids that has fix the holes on the Printed circuit board. The IC is mounted on the circuit after the soldering of chip holder or Dual in line socket on the board. The different types of IC’s are:

1. CMOS logic
2. TTL
3. ANALOG IC
4. PIC 

The PIC is the Erasable read only memory (EPROM) and Printed Read only memory (PROM).

Download  CSE Technical Report on Ohm’s Law Communication .