In the world Australian women had both right to stand for the national parliament and to vote in 1902. In very soon Australian women got political rights. In the commonwealth public services women’s careers are the majority one. Women’s are represented better on international rankings in the national parliament.

  Political participation:

      In West Africa, African women played an important role in historical times on formal roles in various societies. There is large number of women traditional chiefs in the Nigeria. In their localities women also played an important role for policy direction, decision making in the roles of governors and legislators. In African countries women’s involved in the colonial struggles which are involved in the politics of Africa. In South Africa in non-socially prescribed roles women’s are participated. In the formal peace building process women’s are not analytically incorporated. In peace building, programmes addressing women’s involvement is high in the political participation of Africa. 

 Economic participation: 

                          In Africa in the policy arena women’s organizations made several changes. In the social sector, government expenditure is reduced in adjustment programmes resulted in the trouble of social care to women. From the social sector women’s are the gap fillers. In the economic development discussions women’s voices are recognized. In general national production and economy is concerned by women’s mostly as economic indicators. 

Social aspects:

In creation of legal framework, the social aspects of gender are considered in analysis of State in Africa. Many countries tried to incorporate gender in bill of rights at the time of independence. Between the society and women’s group the customary law interpretation is the main debate in the parliament. In employment to assurance equal opportunities, the laws are launched. For instance inheritance, labour laws, custody of children, divorce as well as rights under family law in the area of marriage.

       The women social status is affected by the religions such as Islam as well as Christianity. The role of women resulted in many progressive and also different interpretations when considered in Islam. Across Africa many women are placed in leadership positions in new Pentecostal churches when considered in Christianity.  Due to these achievements a positive result is observed on society’s perception of women.

Women can gain knowledge regarding their historical role as well as to the traditional growth their contribution is recently introduced in universities in the field of education.

The government for addressing the women regarding the development built projects because from women organizations and from the international community the pressure is faced mainly by the system of UN. The Mexico and also Copenhagen commitments, Nairobi as well as latest conferences of Beijing on women are obeyed by this. In urban and rural areas, for helping women to access credit, special funds are given to encourage income generating projects.    Additionally in order to review the women’s legal status there were initiatives, and laws were introduced by giving them the economic and social rights and majority status in line through Convention on Elimination of Discrimination’s against Women (CEDAW).

Different types of explanations are given by the researchers for some of women at all stages of Science, Technology, and Engineering and Math careers in U.S are: 

• For the girls climate in the class room and for the woman students and for the faculty in the universities as been naturally explained as “chilly”.  When compared to the men, girls and women are treated differently in both delicate and understandable ways. For example teachers use to pay more attention to words boys when the class room discussion is conducting.
• The other factor is a dearth of role models to under representation of woman in science. Mainly faculty is the role model of the women for their balancing career and family, and if extremely when career demands are seen,  used to leave their departments in huge than in men.
• In the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math fields there are lack of women students because of poor preparation and less encouragement is given to the women students in schools. In the science and engineering students,  the women of undergraduate who are entering in this field also showing drop in the self-confidence in the starting stage itself i.e. in the first year itself though they are highly qualified and skilled. The first reasons for the women student for leaving this field is not showing interest in this field, and that to making them discouraged by some source like difficulties in academics, and because of the poor teaching. During their high school days also girls are les prepared in math sans science than boys in this ways in the growth they used to show less interest in these fields.
• Women scientist will have some dissatisfaction due to this lack of “critical mass” of women. The theory of the critical mass will explain us clearly that for the increase of the women in this field so as to enter the women in to the significant social networks and resources.
• Partiality and discrimination in appointing and development of women will lead to slow development in the women not only in the science but also particularly in the academic science.. People create beliefs which are normative and classify about the gender that are going to affect the way that they recognize the attributes and the behavior of the men and the women. For example can observe that women scientist are very less when compared to their male peers. In the MIT report had proved that women faculty is going to increase gradually marginalized as they are developed in that institution, in spite of they are almost equally qualified to their male colleagues only because of response of outside jobs they are lagged. 

Across the employment sectors, low status and salary differences continue to afflict woman. 

• In two-year institutions and medical schools the woman are more concentrated.
• The women engineers and scientists are more liable to work unwillingly or part-time outside their fields.
• College educated woman can earn 76% of what the college educated men earn one year after graduation.
• Since in engineering the woman earn 21% of both MS and BS degrees and in computer science earn 31% of both MS and BS degrees respectively, these salary differences in the earnings of woman contain lifelong allegations.   

For woman the issues about work-life balance are considered to be important. 

• On numerous measures of their career success, woman in academic STEM positions delay at the back of their male counterpart.
• When compared to the woman with early children, the academic woman in the careers who postpone children until short are more likely to achieve permanent status. 

The challenges as well as roles differ for each woman and they are not a homogenous group. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the women are urban as well as rural differing in age, different ethnicities, lesbians, Aboriginal and with disabilities. These diverse group of women’s dwell in society in various positions which is noticed from the research.  Consider an instance where than the non Aboriginal women, an Aboriginal women gets low formal education as well as wage.  As a group, economically the women are more susceptible for the unfavorable effects of political, social as well as economic change and some women positions in the society is determined through the factor than a female.  Several characteristics of women are needed to be identified as a group.

      In Canada according to 2002 statistics, the percentage of women above age 15 engaged in the labour force is 60.7 whereas in Newfoundland and Labrador, the percentage of women above age 15 engaged in the labour force is 53.4.  

     Therefore in the latest years in labour market, the women participation is increased considerably.  

For an example, at their main job, nearly two million employed women, in paid workforce almost 27 percent of all women who worked not more than 30 hours per a week in the year 2000. From late 1970’s, the women accounted of all part time employees for nearly seven in 10. 

For women’s admission in to Employment Insurance, opportunities for pensions as well as advancements, this trend offers implications. Consider an instance that the change in Employment Insurance regulations like from the system of weeks based to an hour’s based brought a disproportionate effect on part time workers mainly on women in the year 1996.

      The pattern of employment lean to be different, so many women are getting engaged in the labour market. For achieving balance amid responsibilities of family as well as work, the women often go to part time works. This replicates through labour market on their relationship, the impact of women’s unpaid work.  

Introduction to methodology

The methodology is the system that contains wide range of principles or rules in which the particular methods and procedures are considered in order to solve the problems that arise within the specific type of research process.

Types of Research Methodologies

The methodology contains two different types of perspectives such as quantitative research method and the qualitative research method.

Qualitative (Primary) research method

The qualitative (Primary) research method will include the survey reports, questionnaires, personal interviews, etc. The qualitative research methodology is even based on more number of mathematical variations, measurements and the equations that are related to the selected topic Trochim (2000).

Primary research data

• Interviews
• Survey reports
• Questionnaires etc.

Quantitative (Secondary) research method

The quantitative (Secondary) research method will include the articles as well as the case studies which are similar to the concerned topic and that are obtained from different types of internet sources. The quantitative research method is a theoretical based approach and it is analyzed by using the empirical analysis.

Secondary research Data

• Articles
• Case Studies
• Book Reviews
• Web documents
• Journals