Category: CSE Seminar Topics

Introduction to Brain Controlled Interface Seminar Topic:

Brain controlled interface or Brain computer interface (BCI) is even called as mind-machine interface (MMI). Between brain and an external device, a direct way for communication is provided. Brain controlled interface assist in augmenting, repairing human cognitive or sensory motor functions. Biggest challenge facing BCI is the basic mechanics of the interface. A device known as electroencephalograph (EEG) is attached to scalp, it consists of a set of electrodes. These electrodes read brain signals. Electrodes measure minute differences in the voltage between neurons. The signal is then amplified, filtered and interpreted by a computer program.

A computer which gets sensory input from a video camera converts a signal into a necessary voltage level in order to invoke neurons. Then signals are transferred to an electrode which is properly implanted in brain area. If everything seems to work correctly, then neurons are fired and a visual image corresponding to what the camera sees is received at the subject.

BCI is a communication and control channel which depends on brain’s normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles.

BCI helps in developing applications that can be controlled by thoughts. Some of the applications includes: ability to control a video game by thought, and just thinking in your mind to change the channel without using remote control. Most difficult task is interpreting brain signals for movement in someone who can’t physically move their own arm.

Even though BCI is an advanced one, it has several drawbacks and they don’t work perfectly. Reasons for this are:

1. Brain is incredibly complex- all thoughts or actions are a result of simple electric signals in the brain. There are several billions of neurons in human brain, each neuron constantly sends and receives signals through complex web of connections.
2. The electric signals generated in brain are weak and prone to interference. When human blinks his eyelids, stronger electrical signals are produced with a tiny voltage potential, so EEGs are employed in order to measure them.

BCI technology is valuable for those who suffer from severe neuro muscular disabilities. BCI’s have input, output and translation algorithms that convert former to latter. BCI operation entirely depends on the interaction of two adaptive controllers, the user brain which produces input and system which translates that activity into output.

Download  Seminar Report on Brain Controlled Interface .

Introduction to Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Artificial Legs :

Brain controlled artificial legs is designed to perform normal operations of human leg. After artificial leg is implanted into human body, it can be controlled with the help of user’s brain signals alone. It can behave similar to normal human leg and can perform operations like walking, running, climbing stairs, cycling, hopping etc.  The controlling is done with the help of micro controllers and digital signal processors. The signal from human brain is taken out with the help of electroencephalography technique. This system is much suitable for those who lost their legs in accidents and it is much more feasible in the real time environment.

The communication is required between human brain and an external device this is called as Brain-computer interface (BCI), which provides a direct pathway for communication. The activity produced in brain is displayed in the form of brainwaves, these brainwaves range from most activity to least activity.

• If brain is awake and very much engaged in mental activities then it produces beta waves. Beta waves are of low amplitude, and fastest of other different waves with a frequency of 15 to 40 cycles a second. Beta brainwaves indicate brain is alert and working.
• If brain is not awake then it produces alpha brainwaves, which are slow and higher in amplitude, and their frequency is from 9 to 14 cycles per second. Alpha brainwaves indicate relaxed status.
• Theta brainwaves consist of greater amplitude and slower frequency; it ranges between 5 to 8 cycles per second. When human brain switches from busy work to idle status and starts daydreaming often produces theta brainwaves. Theta brainwaves indicate drowsy or id eating.
• Next comes the delta brainwaves, which are of greatest amplitude and slowest frequency. It ranges between 1.5 – 4 cycles/second.  Delta brainwaves will never run down to zero, since zero indicates brain is dead. But deep sleep results in lowest frequency range between 2 – 3 cycles/second. Delta brainwaves indicate sleeping, dreaming, deep dreamless sleep.

For each signal produced in the micro controller memory, the artificial leg is pre-programmed to do a specific operation. The produced signal should match with the actual signal from user’s brain.

A small sized lithium-ion batteries supply power to the artificial legs and they need to be charged once a day. These batteries have very high charge density, so that they can store a lot of energy.

Thus brain controlled artificial legs involves ease of construction, and less cost is needed. Users can have full control over their artificial leg, and they are semi-automatic. This requires a simple control unit. 

Download  Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Artificial Legs  .

Introduction to  Seminar Topic on Kerberos Server:

Kerberos is a network authentication protocol based on trusted third party. It provides strong authentication for client and server applications by employing secret-key cryptography. This is useful when nodes are communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. When mutual authentication is required between client and server, Kerberos protocol protects messages against eavesdropping and replay attacks.

Kerberos provides authenticated access for users and services on network. Kerberos works on the basis of time-sensitive tickets. Client should be kerberized, means that it can obtain tickets from Kerberos server and negotiate with Kerberos service. All Programs and also services should be made Kerberos-aware. Web browsers, telnet applications, POP email clients and print utilities are few programs and web sites, printers, file servers and pop mail servers are services.

Every user and service has password, and only the owner of the password and Kerberos server know this password, and it must remain confidential.

Client program makes initial request to the Kerberos server, and then it will ask for Kerberos username and password. The client program then sends a ticket request to the Kerberos server, server will respond by sending ticket-granting ticket containing an encrypted password. Now only Kerberos server and client know the password, and only client will be able to decrypt it. The ticket-granting ticket will expire in eight hours after it is issued.

After getting ticket-granting ticket, client can use kerberized programs to request services from Kerberos-aware servers. Even client has an option to encrypt data sent over the network, means the entire transaction between client and Kerberos-aware service will be in unreadable format.

Kerberos has strict time requirements, means involved hosts must be synchronized within configured limits. If hosts are not synchronized then authentication will fail.

Kerberos provides a solution to network security problems and provides tools for authentication and strong cryptography over network to secure information. This requires continuous availability of a central server, if server is down, the clients cannot get tickets to access the service, so log in becomes a problem. so multiple Kerberos servers and fall back authentication mechanism need to be deployed. 

Download  CSE Latest Seminar Topic on Kerberos Server  .

Introduction to Blu Ray Disc Seminar Topic:

Blu-ray Disc is the name given to a next generation optical disc format which is developed in joint venture by a group of world’s leading consumer electronics, media and PC manufacturers and Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA). Some of the manufacturers who were involved in the development work are: Apple, Sony, Hitachi, Panasonic, HP, LG, Mitsubishi, Philips, Dell, Samsung, and Thomson.

The Blu-ray optical disc does recording, data rewriting, and playbacks high-definition video (HD) stores large amount of data. Blu-ray disc capacity is more than five times the traditional disc storage capacity. Blu-ray disc comes in two layers: single-layer disc and dual- layer disc. While single-layer disc can hold 25GB of data and dual-layer disc can hold up to 50GB.

Currently used disc technologies make use of red laser to read and write data, they are: DVD, DVD ±RW, and DVD-RAM. But Blu-ray optical disc uses blue-violet laser, therefore the name Blu-ray. When compared with red laser which is having 650nm wavelength, Blue-violet laser is having shorter wavelength i.e., 405nm, Blue-violet laser can focus the laser spot very accurately and packs the data more tightly and stores it in very small amount of space, so that more data can be accommodated on the disc even though it’s the same size as CD/DVD.

Blu-ray disc is the next generation optical digital video disc; it can record, store and play back HD video and digital audio and also computer data.

A single layer Blu-ray disc can hold 25 GB of data i.e., it can play HD video for more than two hours or about 13 hours of standard video.

A double layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50GB of data; it can play HD video for about 4.5 hours or can play standard video for more than 20 hours.

Blu-ray discs stores audio, video and other streams into a container format which is based on MPEG transport stream by multiplexing them.

Blu-ray Disc Applications:

• HD television recording
• HD video distribution
• HD camcorder archiving
• Mass Data storage
• Digital Asset management and
• Professional storage 

The Blu-ray disc is designed to stay relevant for at least 10-15 years. And it provides some of the strongest copy protection methods ever developed.  if any content publisher is wanting assurance for their valuable assets to be protected from piracy, then Blu-ray disc is the best choice. 

The disc has hard coating, which offers much stronger resistance to scratches and fingerprints than other existing formats. Blu-ray discs doesn’t require cartridge and can be used as bare disc, similar to CD and DVD. 

Download  Seminar Report on Blu Ray Disc  .

Introduction to SQL Joins Presentation:

SQL joins are used to fetch data from two or more tables from the database, using join condition. A join condition creates a relationship among columns in the data tables that take part in sql join. Data tables are linked with each other using keys, these key relationships are used in sql joins. Join is a process of combining tables side-by-side (horizontally)

When data from more than one table is required from database, a join condition is used. According to common values exist in columns; a row in one table can be joined to row in another table, i.e., usually primary and foreign key columns.

Different types of Joins:

1. Inner Join: returns only those records or rows that match in both the tables

Syntax:       select * from table1 as t1

                   Inner join table2 as t2

                   On t1.column = t2.column

1. Outer Join:

Three types of Outer join are:

1. Left Outer Join: returns all records or rows from left table and right table returns only matched records. NULL is returned if no columns in right table are matching.

Syntax: select * from table_1 as t_1

              Left outer join table_2 as t_2

              On t_1.column=t_2.column

1. Right Outer Join: returns all records or rows from right table and left table returns only matched records. If no matching columns in left table, it returns NULL.

Syntax: select * from table_1 as t_1

              Right outer join table_2 as t_2

              On t_1.column = t_2.column

1. Full Outer Join: combines or joins both left outer join and right outer join. All records or rows from both tables are returned as a result. If no matching columns are found in both the tables then NULL is returned.

Syntax:  select * from table_1 as t_1

              Full outer join table_2 as t_2

              On t_1.column = t_2.column

1. Cross Join: it is a Cartesian join of both tables. No condition is required to join two tables. Cross join returns records or rows that are multiplication of record number from both tables, means each row on left table will relate to each row of right table.

Syntax:  select * from table_1

              Cross join table_2

1. Self Join: is used to join database table to itself, when table has a foreign key that references its own primary key. Self join is not a type of sql join.

Download  SQL Joins Presentation .

Introduction to  JIRA The Java Based Technology Seminar Topic:

JIRA is an issue tracking product developed by Atlassian.  JIRA is used for bug tracking, issue tracking and for project management. JIRA helps software development teams by providing issue tracking and project tracking to improve code quality and speed of development. According to stakeholders, managers and end-user requirements, JIRA application development requires configuring JIRA. With the help of software development approaches and methodologies, structured system, JIRA applications are developed. Which results in scalable JIRA applications and this makes project managers, department supervisors, stakeholders and end-users happy.

JIRA is being provided by Atlassian for free to open source projects. Commercial customers can get full source code under developer source license.

JIRA has plug-in architecture and number of integrations developed by JIRA development community, including IDE’s like Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA using Atlassian IDE connector. JIRA API is an extensible way for developers to plug applications into JIRA.

JIRA was developed by a private company based in Australia, Atlassian, in response to a need for a more robust open source software defect tracking system.  JIRA helps in prioritizing, assigning, tracking, reporting and auditing the issues from software bugs and helpdesk tickets to project tasks and change requests. JIRA is an extensible platform that can be customized to match business processes. JIRA improves quality by ensuring all task details are followed and recorded till completion.

JIRA workflow consists of a set of steps and transitions through which an issue goes during its lifecycle and typical Workflow represents business processes. A default workflow can’t be edited but can be customized by creating additional workflows. Each workflow corresponds to particular projects and particular issue type.

Workflow steps and transitions:

• A step is a stage in a workflow for an issue, an issue exists only one step at any point in time. Workflow step is usually named after a linked status.
• A transition represents link between two steps. A transition moves issue from one step to another step. If an issue should progress from one step to another, transition is required to link those two steps.

Features of JIRA are:

Bug Tracking:

Bugs are inevitable part of software development team, no matter whether team is large or small. JIRA personalizes bug tracking; it is powerful, yet simple. Any issue details including workflow actions, attachments, recent activity and custom fields are viewed by JIRA.

Project Tracking:

Tracking a bug in a single application is more flexible task using project management tool, and also software development management can be done for several products. JIRA provides different ways to generate reports and track team progress.

JIRA is specially designed for system and software application developers; it is a capable issue management application.

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Introduction to Jini technology seminar Topic:

Jini Technology extends Java Technology; it is a service oriented architecture defining programming language which exploits Java Technology. Jini technology enables to construct a secure, distributed systems consisting of well-behaved network services and clients.

Jini can be used to build adaptive network systems that are scalable, evolvable and flexible as typical dynamic computing environments. Jini technology offers number of powerful capabilities: service discovery and mobile code.  Jini technology is somewhat similar to Java’s Remote Method Invocation (RMI) but more advanced.

Jini is a set of java classes and services which has potential to create its own revolution by exploiting the technology in new ways. Jini was created by Sun Microsystems for networking applications.

Jini provides mechanism for locating services on network that behave accordingly to a particular Java Interface. After locating service on the network, client can download an implementation of that interface and can use it for further communication with the service.

The collections of services registered with the jini is said to form “Jini Community”, jini provides discovery protocol to locate a Lookup service. Discovery protocol uses multicast and unicast discovery methods.

Jini is designed to support distributed service oriented architecture by addressing the following:

• The network is reliable, secure and homogeneous.
• Latency is zero
• Bandwidth is infinite
• Topology is static
• One administrator for the network 

Jini’s functionality is exposed as a set of services, and services make themselves available by registering with a lookup mechanism called “Jini Community”. Clients find services via lookup mechanism. Once service is found clients bind to services dynamically.

Benefits of Jini technology:

1)    Protocol Independence: Services can be discovered and implemented by using existing communication protocols. Default protocol used is RMI.

2)    Location Independence: Network components need not be configured with explicit knowledge of location of the service to use the lookup services.

3)    Services can be implemented with the needed dynamic modification without impact to clients.

4)    Additional instances of services can be made use to enhance the load balancing and other performances dynamically.

5)    Jini’s services are managed and monitored using JMX or SNMP. 

Jini is lightweight service which enables users to share services and resources over a network. It also provides users with ability to access resources anywhere easily on the network, even though users network location may constantly change. Jini simplifies the task by managing and creating network devices.

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Introduction to Computer System Seminar Topic:

A computer system is a general purpose device programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations, and can solve more than one kind of problem. A computer system consists of at least one processing element and some form of memory. The arithmetic and logical operations are carried out by processing element, and sequencing and control unit that change order of operations is based on stored information. Computer system consists of peripheral devices, which allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and results are saved and retrieved. Keyboard, printer, scanner, monitor, joystick and routers are an example of peripheral devices.

A computer system is a complete, working system. Computer functions with the help of software and peripheral devices that are connected. Operating system is a must for computers to function. A computer system is an interconnected system of computers that share a central storage system and peripheral devices. Modern computer systems are based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than early computer systems, and they occupy very small space. 

Modern computer systems begin with two different technologies, programming and automatic calculation.

A core of computer system is the system unit, it consists of many electronic components that process the information, and important components of system unit is Central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor. CPU is the brain of the computer system. Random access memory (RAM) is another component of system unit, which stores temporary information that CPU uses while booting. RAM entries are erased when system is switched off. 

A general purpose computer system’s components are interconnected by busses, which are made of wires, they are:

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):

Performs two classes of operations: Arithmetic operation, logical operation. Basic arithmetic operations supported are: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Advanced arithmetic operations include: trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine.., and square root functions. All these operations can be performed on whole numbers, floating point numbers, and real numbers.

Logic operations include Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR and NOT.

Control Unit:

Manages the various components of computer system; control unit will first read the program instructions and then it will decode them, and it transforms into a series of control signals which will later activate other parts of system. A special memory register or program counter keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

Memory:

A computer memory consists of cells. Each cell has numbered address which can store a single number. Computer has two varieties of memory: RAM and read only memory (ROM). RAM is temporary memory, but ROM is permanent, it is reloaded with data and software that never changes.

Input and Output devices (I/O):

In order to exchange information with outside world, I/O is needed. They are called peripherals. They include: keyboard, joystick, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner and router.

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