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Description: The research paper Cryptography and Network Security Seminar Project talks about the indispensable help of the domain Cryptography in providing Network Security. The research abstract suggests that Network security is a complicated subject, it can be understood and tackled by well-trained and experienced experts. However, as more and more people become connected through a network, an increasing number of people need to understand the basics of security in a networked world. When we talk about Network Security we need to keep in mind the information systems manager and the user.

It has been suggested in the paper that in data and telecommunications, cryptography is necessary when sharing information over untrusted medium, which includes flow of information along a medium, the Internet precisely speaking.

The research paper explains three types of Cryptographic Functions. They are Secret Key Cryptography (SKC): Uses a single key for both encryption and decryption

Public Key Cryptography (PKC): Uses one key for encryption and another for decryption

Hash Functions: Uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly “encrypt” information

What are trust models:

The research paper explains trust models thus: Secure use of cryptography requires trust. While secret key cryptography can ensure message confidentiality and hash codes can ensure integrity, none of this works without trust. In SKC, PKC solved the secret distribution problem. There are a number of trust models employed by various cryptographic schemes.

• The web of trust employed by Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) users, who hold their own set of trusted public keys.
• Kerberos, a secret key distribution scheme using a trusted third party.
• Certificates, which allow a set of trusted third parties to authenticate each other and, by implication, each others users.

It is understood from the research paper that scheme differs in complexity, general applicability, scope, and scalability. 

Conclusion: The research paper concludes by talking about AAA server. It suggests that AAA (authentication, authorization and accounting)    

servers are  used  for  more  secure  access  in  a  remote-access  VPN environment . When  a  request  to  establish  a session  comes  in from a dial up  client ,  the   Request  is  proxies   to  the   AAA  server .  AAA then checks the following:

• Who you are (authentication)
• What you are allowed to do (authorization)

What you actually do (accounting)

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Description: The Seminar Report Public Key Cryptography and Hash Functions Secret Key Cryptography talks about Cryptography and the purpose behind such a thing. This paper focuses on the multiple aspects pertaining to cryptography. The benefits and requirements of cryptography in various fields, particularly the internet, is explained. Secure communications data storage, identification and authentication and various other applied cryptographic concepts have been dealt with and explained in detail. The three general types of cryptographic schemes such as SECRET-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY, PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY AND HASH FUNCTIONS explained in detail.

Cryptography:

The paper describes that Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and has been in vogue since times immemorial; the first application of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. when an Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. Experts argue that cryptography emerged as a need after writing was invented, Cryptography is use in various departments military, espionage etc.

Public-key Cryptography:

The paper explains that Public-key cryptography is the best and significant development in the field in the last 300-400 years. Modern PKC was first described by Stanford University professor Martin Hellmann and graduate student Whitfield Diffie in 1976. A two-key crypto system was presented by them in which two parties could engage in a secure communication over a non-secure communications channel without having to share a secret key.

It is suggested in the paper that nearly all modern multi-user computer and network operating systems use passwords to protect and authenticate users accessing computer and/or network resources. Although passwords are not kept on a host or server in plaintext but are generally encrypted using hash scheme.

Conclusion: The research paper ends on a conclusive note that Cryptography is all about ‘secure communications’. In data and telecommunications and many more industries where information is shared exchanged , cryptography is essential when communicating/sharing information over any untrusted medium, which includes any network, specifically the Internet.

Download Public Key Cryptography and Hash Functions Secret Key Cryptography Final Year Computer Science and Electronics Seminar Report with full Technical Presentation.

Description: The Final Year CSE Seminar Topic Cryptography and Network Security talks about Cryptography and its use in securing networked community. The paper suggests that just as insurance protects valuables. Cryptography protects invaluable database that cannot be shared with one and all. Since the world now has become a global village there is every need to share information/data incessantly. In a scenario like this securing the data and protecting it becomes quintessential to the smooth functioning of official processes. Cryptography is an effective way of securing the data not just for applications that have secure networking but also for applications that are ignorant of such a thing.

The paper suggests that the IP-level security covers three functional areas: authentication, confidentiality and key management.

What is ESP:

The paper Cryptography and Network Security also talks about the Encapsulating Security payload (ESP). The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocol proclaims authentication, and also offers privacy. When ESP is used with confidentiality enabled, there ESP provides limited traffic flow confidentiality, i.e., provisions for concealing packet length, and to facilitate efficient generation and discard of dummy packets. ESP offer access control, enforced through the distribution of cryptographic keys and the management of traffic flows as dictated by the Security Policy Database.

About IPsec: 

The paper Cryptography and Network Security explains the functions of IPsec. It says that IPsec is designed to provide interoperable, high quality, cryptographically based security for IPv4 and IPv6.  The security services offered includes access control, connectionless integrity, data origin authentication, detection and rejection of replays sequence confidentiality (via encryption), and limited traffic flow confidentiality. 

 Conclusion:

The paper Cryptography and Network Security concludes on a note that IPsec is transparent to applications and poses no threat to upper level applications. It can provide enough security to users and can certainly help create a secure virtual sub network within an organization. The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) header is designed to provide a mix of security services in IPv4 and IPv6. The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) provides mechanisms for protecting data being sent over an IPsec Security.

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Steganography is the science and art of concealing the existence of information. It conceals the meaning or content of the existence message. Steganographic systems hide the messages within images or any other digital objects and these messages are invisible. There are two basic principles, i.e., files which have digitized images or sound can be changed to an extent in order to function properly and the inability of human to difference minor changes in image colors or sound quality. The image can be of 16-bit sound, 8-bit or 24-bit image.

Steganography Presentation For Students is to establish conceal communication is very important nowadays with the vast growth of the Internet. The process of steganography is mostly implemented on images. It is the art and science of writing hidden messages such that only recipient knows existence of the message.

 Steganography is used widely in historical times like hidden messages in wax tablets, hidden messages on messenger’s body, and hidden messages on paper in secret links.

This formula provides pieces of the steganographic process:

Cover_medium(image/audio files) + hidden_data + stego_key=stego_medium.

Modern techniques of steganography are hidden text within Web pages, hiding files in plain sight, and null ciphers. These types of steganography are used in conjunction with cryptography such that the information is doubly protected.

The most widely used application of steganography is digital watermarking. It is used to maintain the confidentiality of important information, to protect the data from possible sabotage, theft, and also used for illegitimate reasons. Steganography is still a new idea. It is difficult to detect the large text file within an image.

Conclusion:

Steganography is an effective and fascinating method of hiding data which is used throughout history. There are many reasons to use data hiding that include watermarking for passwords or key processes. However, this technology is easy to implement but difficult to detect.

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In computer networked system, the major security risk is with conducting business on the Net. The security risks that occur are unauthorized access, Eavesdropping, Password sniffing, spoofing-spoofing, Denial of Service, virus attack, System modification, Data modification, Repudiation, E-mail bombing. Therefore, Quantumn Cryptography Btech Final Year Seminar is one of the best methods to secure the information.

 It protects data transmitted over the telecommunication network and it is mainly by an appropriate Encryption techniques. The Cryptography deals with the encryption and decryption of data. Encryption is the method of scrambling information such that it becomes unintelligible and can be unscrambled with the help of keys.

 Encryption is acquired using a Symmetric Encryption or Asymmetric Encryption. In Symmetric Encryption or Single-key Cryptography, a single key is used to encrypt and decrypt the data. In Asymmetric Encryption or Public-key cryptography, two keys are used namely public and private key for encryption and decryption.

 The network security, Quantum cryptography is efficient and fastest method to secure the information. In Quantum cryptography, the basic concept is Quantum theory of light, polarization, the foundation of Quantum cryptography is present in the Heidelberg’s uncertainty principle. It is an effort to form a body of shared and secret information between two users of a communication channel.

 Cryptography is one of the host authentication technique applied in building a network channel secure to transmit confidential data. In cryptographic system, the plaintext is converted into ciphertext. The ciphertext is transmitted at the receiver end and is converted back to the plaintext. The Hinesburg uncertainty principle and Quantum entanglement exploited in a system of secure communication referred as Quantum cryptography.

Conclusion:

Quantum cryptography promises to have a secure communication by providing security based on the fundamental laws of physics. The quantum cryptography solves the problem of key distribution and the exchange of information is secured in a very strong sense.

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Though Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) came into existence several years back, it recently has begun to take off as a public switched telephone networks (PSTN). This technology reduces costs with the help of single IP network to support data and voice applications. Service providers are also attracted by VoIP’s revenue potential. VoIP or Internet telephony is a technology which allows phone calls over the Internet.

 It is necessary to know the basic network functions which allow voice services possible. Here is brief description how PSTN and VoIP networks use. Database services locate endpoints and translate between the addressing schemes in two networks. Signaling to coordinate the actions of the multiple networking components to complete a call between two endpoints. Call connect and disconnect mechanisms to transport audio content. Coder-decoder (CODEC) operations to convert analog waveforms to digital.

 Packet switching sends a small chunk of data from one system to another which is called a packet. The payload is a piece of the e-mail, a music file or any type of file. The computer sends the packet to a router and router sends the packet to another router and so on.

 A typical VoIP network has five major components. They are VoIP phones, consoles and other devices, Call Processing Server/PBX, Media/PSTN-to-VoIP Gateways, IP network, and Session Border Controllers (SBCs). The VoIP network needs media gateways to perform the CODEC functions, i.e., analog-to-digital conversion of voice traffic to create voice IP packets.

Conclusion:

Deploying VoIP is not a simple technology though VoIP is an attractive alternative to traditional PSTN voice services. Before having a VoIP solution, organizations must have required functionality and the potential issues to deploy a VoIP network. It is surely this protocol flexibility which makes VoIP-based voice systems more useful than legacy voice systems. For designing their VoIP solution, Organizations should also remember about latency, jitter, bandwidth, packet loss, reliability, and security issues.

Download Voice over Internet Protocol (Voip) Technical Paper Presentation.