Category: CSE Project Reports

Software development has taken many forms these days and each and every day a new form of software development and maintenance are emerging and all the organizations are striving a lot to cope up with the changes in the software development methodologies. In general there are different ranges of software development methodologies and they are chosen as per the requirements and the range of software being developed. The traditional way of executing software includes different tasks like requirements gathering, analyzing the requirements, design, coding and implementation, testing and finally maintaining the project and these steps are the core requirements of the traditional waterfall model.

Waterfall model is the widely used and the traditional way of software development methodology which includes all these steps and was more popular since decades.  Later there are different software development methodologies introduced across the literature and all of them are discussed in the literature review section of this document and among them prototype modeling is another important software development model. Prototype software development model includes developing a rough prototype before deploying the actual application and this includes the feedback from the product owner and thus if any changes are required they can change at the prototype level itself. 

Thus choosing any type of software development methodologies includes many steps that need to be considered and the key among them is to handle the changes that occur with respect to the requirements from the end users side. Among these software development methodologies, the key limitation is that if anything need to be changed, all the initial stages of the software development cycle need to be altered and thus a lot of time and cost are incurred in this process. To get rid of all these situation, Agile software development methodologies came in to picture and since then a lot of reputation and popularity has gained towards the implementation of the Agile software methodologies.

The key advantage with the Agile methodologies is that the updates and communication strategies are followed in a well defined streamlined manner. Regular meeting with the Agile team is possible with the implementation of the Agile framework and there are many roles and responsibilities towards the Agile team and the key roles used across the Agile methodology are also discussed in the critical analysis part of this document and they are Scrum master, product owner and the team.

All these roles have their own process metrics and responsibilities towards executing the software development and testing and the key role among these roles is the SCRUM master. Scrum master holds the key responsibilities towards controlling and managing the team and should provide the proper inputs to the team with respect to their work and user stories. In general a user story can be defined as the user requirement and all the requirements are categorized in to different user stories and the corresponding story points are defined against the deadlines and estimates towards the project metrics for user stories that were defined. 

The main aim of this project is to evaluate the importance of Agile and Scrum methodologies and understand the benefits of these methodologies when compared to the traditional software development methodologies. To precede with this research a qualitative research methodology is used and the required primary source of information is gathered from three software organizations from UK and they are as given in the research methodology chapter of this project.

Project managers are considered as the key respondents to gather the primary source of information and a questionnaire is prepared to analysis the views and opinions of the project managers with respect to Agile and Scrum methodologies across their software development process.  All the three project managers are interviewed with respect to Agile Scrum methodology implementation and all the findings are given in the document and as per the analysis it is clear that most of the project managers prefer the Agile methodologies and the key findings are as given below. 

Project managers are comfortable with the implementation of Agile methodologies and the key software development process is streamlined when compared to the traditional software development methodologies. Most of the project managers are interested towards the Agile SCRUM methodology and the key benefits with this methodology is that, a regular updates are escalated towards the project team, project managers, product owner and other stakeholders.

SCRUM methodology is widely adopted by most of the companies and the main reason behind this is that the companies can save lot time and money while adopting the SCRUM methodology and a perfect time line is followed across the project delivery using the SCRUM methodology and the key backlogs are eliminated with the implementation of this methodology. The sprint meetings are the key aspects in the SCRUM methodology and the important things like deliverables and updates to the next sprint meetings are decided in this schedule and the iteration duration varies from company to company and each company strives a lot to complete the desired deliverables decided in the previous sprint meetings.

The optimal team size is around 3 to 7 members across any organization and the size of the Agile team and the decision towards the team size depends purely on the project requirement and also it depends on the time available with the deliverables. The product owners are also involved in the key decisions in building the team size to complete the project and pass all the sprints on time and user stories are created against the user requirements document and these stories define the actual requirements based on the high level documentation provided by the end users.

Sprint meetings are really important analyzing the updates and queries from the developers and testing team side and the required targets are set across these sprint meetings and sprint meetings are required for the team and other key roles across the SCRUM to discuss all the issues and progress done during the successive sprint meetings. Product owner can give the required suggestions to the development team and make them clear with respect to the user stories and project managers are forbidden in giving more work to the team during the sprint meetings and has limited role towards the sprint meetings. 

Future work

Apart from the research done towards analyzing the importance of Agile and Scrum methodology in terms of project managers, there is some scope to improve the research and they are as listed below 

• Number of respondents can be increased and the low level employees like team members and team leaders can also be interviewed regarding the SCRUM methodology
• Agile methodologies like Extreme programming can also be covered under the qualitative research and the primary information can also be gathered in this context
• A more detailed analysis of the Scrum methodology can be covered in the questionnaire prepared in future. 

Agile is the key word used across the software development methodologies and most of the organizations these days and has gained more popularity due to its update implementation procedures and streamlined methods of executing the project. The main aim of this Implementation of Agile-Scrum Methodology into Software Development Project is to evaluate the importance of Agile framework and the corresponding methodologies implemented across the Agile and compare with the traditional software development methodologies.

A qualitative research Agile-Scrum Methodology is employed to gather the required primary information and a case study based approach is chosen in this context. Three IT companies in UK are considered to gather the required information and they are Insight software’s Ltd, Citybond Ltd, Crystal Reports Ltd and the Software Development Project managers are interviewed with the help of questionnaire prepared and attached in the appendix section. The key findings are given as below. 

Agile is widely used and offers more features and benefits when compared to the traditional software development methodologies. Agile provides different methodologies and this research mainly focus on the Scrum methodology and all the required information is gathered to understand the implementation procedure and importance of Scrum methodology.

Scrum offers different roles across the software development assistance and they are Scrum master, product owner, team and the stakeholders. Scrum master holds the key responsibilities towards the executing the project and guides the team towards all the problems faced by the team members. In general the user requirement documentation is shared to the team members and they create the user stories and the scrum master decides the story points.

These user stories hold the understandings of the requirements from the team members and they create a plan of action towards user stories and the story points are created to estimate the project metrics. Regular Sprint meetings are conducted to evaluate the status of the project and the key deliverables to the next sprint meeting are decided to the next sprint meetings.

Product owners are also involved in the sprint meetings and they also decide the deadlines and story points and they are not given ample freedom to set the deadlines in between two consecutive sprint meetings. The actual research findings from the opinion of project managers are evaluated using the questionnaire and they are given in this project.

Research Methodology Introduction

The comprehensive analysis based on the research methodology is been accepted with in this project and it is described in detail in this thesis. The authentic methodology which is been taken in to consideration from the qualitative as well as the quantitative methods with in this research process and even the specific factors which lead to select this methodology is been explained in detail with in this research.

The research oriented research approach which is been considered for the primary source of the data as well as the secondary source of the data is been described in detail. The interviews which are semi organized are been conducted in order to gather the primary source of the information as well as this information is been utilized to develop the search regarding the research and the equivalent research analysis conducted to certify the value of the research which is been conducted to recognize the actual result from the literature. 

Research Philosophy chosen 

The term research philosophy can be defined as the process implemented to develop the required knowledge and the corresponding nature of the knowledge. The research philosophy deals with the assumptions about any research problem and how the researcher views the problem. Research philosophy can be considered as personal issues and no text book or teacher can give the required knowledge on the research philosophy and it’s the nature of the individual researcher and the philosophy chosen depends on the way by which they look in to the world.

The research philosophy chosen depends on the view of the researcher and should decide upon the best way that suits the view of the researcher and can be considered as the belief in which the required data should be gathered, analyzed and used. In general different philosophies of research can be derived from two basic aspects like epistemology and doxology. Epistemology is all about what is known to be true and doxology is all about what is believed to be true and these two terms are quite opposite to each other. The main objective of the science is to convert the things believed to things know, i.e. doxa to episteme. In general the research philosophy can be further classified in to positivism, realism and interpretivism. 

Positivism

Positivism deals with the reality and the corresponding positivist believe that the reality is stable, when it is viewed in terms of the objective of the research chosen and the actual intension in choosing the research problem is not affected with the positivism. The phenomenon across the positivism is isolated and the researcher assumes that the observations are repeatable. In general there could be some manipulations to the reality to the actual case and the key relations are established with respect to the social research to achieve the desired research objectives. Few predictions are made as per the previous findings with respect to the actual reality and the corresponding reality is explained with respect to the interrelationships among the key research attributes.

In general the required knowledge gained by the positivism must be based on sense, experience and should be verified based on the facts. A detailed inquiry should be done towards proving the fact and the level of inquiry should satisfy the explanation and the prediction. The statements considered should be true for all the times and all the places across the positivism and positivism can be considered as a successful implementation across the physical and natural sciences. 

Interpretivism 

Interpretivism can be considered as the critic to the positivism and has few aspects quite different from the positivism. In general the business situations are not only complex and also holds unique features and the interpretivism deals with the reality behind these features and derives the required conclusions. Different people involved in the research places different interpretations on the research problem considered and this philosophy evaluate the reality behind all the possible interpretations.

In general the interpretivism lacks the ample history and uses different philosophies and interpretations to derive the required solution and it has the rejects the assumptions done by the positivism and suggests the required alternatives. The main of the research can be modified as per the interpretations across the interpretivism and the required decision is done based on the situations across the research. To achieve the required aims of the research, interpretivism depends on two important research philosophies like hermeneutics and phenomenology. 

Realism

Realism should follow the theory of sociology and also the logic in deriving the required solutions for the research problem considered and realism differs from the positivism in terms of the interpretations made across the research. The actual hidden caused for the research problem considered can be better explored using the realism approach and a detailed realistic analysis is done against the actual cause of the aim of the research. Realism can be used to identify the actual facts regarding the research process and the data gathered using this approach is more accurate when compared to other studies. Realism focuses more on the hidden facts and can be used in contrast with positivism and interpretivism. 

Realism can be considered as the best research philosophy in this project, as the main aim of this research is to evaluate the user preferences towards the mobile applications and also compare their preferences with the existing service providers like iPhone, Nokia, Sony Ericson and HTC. Thus in the process of gathering the user preferences realism is always important and there is no scope of assumptions or interpretations.

Once the user preferences are gathered using the survey process, they are saved across a database and the corresponding attributes are compared with the actual mobile applications provided by various service providers and thus in this context it is always important to considered the facts rather than opting for interpretations and thus the best research philosophy that can be considered in this research is realism.

Research Approaches 

There are two types of research approaches namely inductive approach and deductive approach. The applicability of these approaches depends upon the nature of the research problem. The two research approaches are briefly discussed under the below heads

Inductive approach

Inductive approach attempts develop a theory based on the premise which is formed from a set of observations. So, it is generally regarded as a bottom up approach. There are broadly four steps usually followed when the research is preceded in an inductive approach. They are a) observation, b) pattern, c) tentative hypothesis, d) theory. Inductive approach is generally associated with qualitative research methodology where a phenomenon is observed by a case study collecting data from the participants based on semi-structured interviews.

As, the questionnaire in the semi-structured interview is generally open-ended, it attempts to collect the data from the participants, document reviews etc to form a general observation. These observations are analyzed to interpret a specific pattern. Based on this pattern, a tentative hypothesis is generated. The hypothesis is finally evaluated to obtain a theory which may not be generalized as inductive approach in most cases is applied to study the behavioral nature of the problem. Inductive approach allows a flexible research to be followed which facilitates some changes while studying the research problem. The final theory is resulted from a conclusion which is based on the premise. However, inductive approach involves a shade of uncertainty.

Deductive approach

Deductive approach works on the opposite side of inductive approach where in the general theory is considered to prove a specific point. So, it is regarded as a top down approach. It is generally applicable in quantitative research methodology where the sample size is large. Unlike the data collected from semi-structured interviews in qualitative research methodology where inductive approach is followed, it collects the data in the form of surveys. Deductive approach is applicable when the research calls for testing a general theory. The four steps explained in the inductive approach proceeds in the reverse direction to that of the inductive approach. The approach is not flexible like that of the inductive approach and is highly structured.

It’s a scientific approach to test the validity of a theory. The quantitative methods and statistical concepts are used when the research proceeds in a deductive approach. In this a general phenomena is considered by taking a small sample after which a hypothesis is developed. This hypothesis is tested and the statistical inferences resulting from the testing of hypothesis is used to state that the phenomena is generalized and valid and it is stated that the phenomena is applied across a large population.

As the main aim of this project is to evaluate the mobile application generation trends and the user preferences towards this, inductive is the best approach that needs to be considered in this research. As the plan of gathering the user preferences towards the mobile applications and their choices begins with observations and from these observations, the actual theory is developed towards the best service provider in terms of smart phones and mobile applications and this inductive approach is always the best research approach in this research. 

Research Strategies 

Research strategy can be considered as the actual method used to collect the required primary source of information based on the research approach chosen. In general there are different types of research strategies and they are explained as below 

Experimental 

Experimental research can be considered as a systematic and scientific method of collecting the required information for the research. In general the researcher can manipulate one or more variables across the research and can control or measure the other factors due to these changes in the variables. Experimental research can be used to understand what to and how to measure based on the research variables considered and a number of experiments are conducted to evaluate the research problem. Experiments can be used to predict the actual phenomenons and when the desired phenomenon is proved the experiments are closed and the required solution to the research problem is suggested. Different sampling techniques can be used to construct the research like probability sampling, non-probability sampling and simple random sampling to choose the research sample and on this particular sample the required experiments are conducted and the corresponding research solutions are proposed. 

Surveys 

Survey based research is done when the research requires more respondents to be involved and the research needs an empirical investigation on a quantitative based research on the research problem considered. In general a large sample is considered to gather the required information using surveys. A questionnaire is prepared and escalated to the sample and a detailed survey is conducted to analyze the research findings across this research strategy. In general there are different types of surveys that can be conducted and the important among them are written survey, oral survey, electronic survey and an example survey. Few ethics are considered while building the surveys and the desired survey is chosen based on the criticality of the research problem considered. 

Case study 

A case study approach is best suited when the research sample is small and the required information to proceed with the research is fixed two few cases. More accurate information can be gathered using the case study, as the solution to the problem is derived from the source of problem. The solution which is required for the research problem could be recognized in the great approach which is towards the case study and the individuals who are included with in the process of the research and are investigated by the main aim to gather the direct data and the questions asked by those individuals are been answered in an efficient manner to gather the information which is required from them. There are several number of benefits from this specific case study approach and the most significant one among these benefits is that the source of the data which is collected is direct as well as the information collected will be more and more perfect and trustworthy while compared with the other resources. In order to gather the information which is required to solve the research problem is the simple or general case study which could be used as the best approach and the result or clarification of the problem is been connected with the case study. 

Grounded theory 

Grounded theory is the strategy where a theory is developed from the research data collected. In general grounded theory can be considered as iterative research and this process is repeated till the actual and required information is gathered to proceed with the research. Generative questions are prepared across the grounded theory and a proper link is created against the required theory and the actual data collected. 

Ethnography

Ethnographic research strategy is generally followed when the researcher attempts to gain understanding about the behavioral nature of humans by studying the cultural aspects of them. In simple terms, ethnography is studying culture in anthropological view. Generally, ethnographic studies call for long time spent in the field of site to carefully understand the culture and deduce findings. The researcher has to spend a considerable amount of time to collect the data from the participants in the form of observations, interviews, analysis of documents. The researcher has to note down important cultural events. The researcher needs to study about the customs and traditions governing the culture in order to give plausible conclusions to the research problem.

Action Research

Action research is performed by careful observations and study of the actions of a particular group or team in order provide research findings for the betterment of the team practices. Action research is generally applied in schools, organizations for better work practices. Action research is unlike other qualitative methods where in the opinions are not collected from experts or some document reviews but the opinions and actions are recorded from the team involved in practice.

A survey based approach is chosen for this research, as the main aim of this research is to gather the user opinions towards best mobile applications and also their preferences and ideas regarding the mobile applications. A sample size of 100 is chosen in this context and their opinions are gathered using a manual survey and the required primary source of information is saved in a database. These opinions are compared with the actual smart phones against their mobile applications and the best smart phone in terms of mobile applications is evaluated.

Data collection methods

The main important aspect with in the process of research methodology is the data collection which plays a significant role in evaluating the key search towards the research as well as it will authenticate the data which is been gathered as well as the equivalent analysis by means of the actual search towards the literature. Generally there are two kinds of data collection methods within the research process such as the primary source of data as well as the secondary source of data. 

Primary source of data 

The primary source of the data is the significant method of the data collection which is been established towards the research methodology. When compared with the other resource types the primary source of data information is the perfect as well as the trust worthy one which is been gathered directly from the actual source of the problem. Within this research process the surveys are utilized and the questioners which are needed are well organized and are forwarded to the major individuals who are included with in the research process.

The views and ideas of the individuals who have participated in the research process of the semi structured interview is been utilized as the major primary data sources as well as the additional search from this interview process is been utilized in order to analyze the strength of the research which is been finished. The answers which are given by the individual will be more and more perfect and trustworthy then the primary source of the information could be referred to as the perfect way to collect the data which is required.

As the main aim of this research is to gather the opinion of different colleges with respect to online marketing strategies to be followed to attract and recruit the local students, the required primary information is gathered using the surveys. These interviews are prepared in the form of questioners and escalated to the respective respondents as mentioned in the research sample size and based on their opinions and view, further research findings and analysis is done. The current and future marketing strategies to be implemented by the colleges as mentioned at the case study level are analyzed using these questioners and their opinions can be considered as the key primary source of information in this research. 

Secondary source of Information

In simple words secondary source of data talks or writes about the key findings from the primary research. Opinion of different authors and publishers from different sources are identified and discussed against the actual findings in the primary research.  Secondary source of information can be used to review the work of others with respect to the work done across the research and compare the findings with the work of others and also helps in evaluating the quality of the work done.

Obtaining the secondary information is faster and cheaper than primary information and for some projects which involve budget and time constraints, secondary information can be considered as the best option. All the time the secondary source of the information is necessary to continue the research as well as to compare the actual search which is from the primary source of information by means of the present secondary source of information.

Generally the secondary source of the data is been collected from the articles which are published, journals as well as the websites. The information or the data which is been collected from the secondary sources is been compared by the actual search by taking the views of the individuals who are included in the primary source of the information as well as the actual importance of the data is been evaluated.

The required secondary source of information is gathered from different articles, journals and digital libraries with respect to online marketing strategies, higher education in UK and the present student recruitment process followed by different colleges and universities in UK and the corresponding policies in place. 

Sample size considered

In the previous section the qualitative research methodology is been utilized within the research process as well as the sample size is been taken in to consideration is less as well as the views and ideas of the actual individuals who are included with in research process are analyzed to fulfill the research work The required primary source of information is gathered from the colleges as mentioned in the research strategy section and the key respondents involved in this research are the marketing heads.

The casual probability sampling technique is been used in order to select the individuals as well as there is a non- zero probability to interview the individuals in order to gather the primary source of information which is required and the required information is gathered from 100 customers based on the surveys research approach. 

1. What is the main reason behind using a smart phone?
   1. Calls
   2. Internet
   3. Applications
   4. All
2. What is the main feature that attracts you while deciding upon a smart phone?
   1. Applications
   2. Camera
   3. Internet connectivity
   4. All
3. What is the desired Camera resolution range you prefer in a smart phone?
   1. 2 mp-4mp
   2. 5mp-8mp
   3. 8mp-12mp
   4. No idea
4. What is the desired graphics resolution range you prefer in a smart phone?
   1. 960X640
   2. 800X400
   3. No idea
5. What is the desires video resolution clarity as per your preference?
   1. High definition 1080 p
   2. Normal video recording with 960 X 540 quality resolution
   3. 4.3 inches big screen resolution
   4. No idea
6. What do you expect from an operating system of smart phones?
   1. Fast and easy
   2. Should provide rich user interface
   3. Should provide rich navigation
   4. Easy to upgrade
   5. All
7. What level of memory you need against cloud storage service provided by smart phones?
   1. 2 GB
   2. 4GB
   3. 5GB
   4. 10GB
8. Do you need a special app for making the video calls?
   1. Yes
   2. No
   3. No idea
9. Do you prefer bigger output for playing games?
   1. Yes
   2. No
   3. No idea
10. What range of download speed you expect from smart phones?
    1. 10 Mbps
    2. 12 Mbps
    3. More than 14 Mbps
    4. No idea
11. What you download frequently, using the smart phones?
    1. Apps
    2. Documents
    3. Music and videos
    4. All
12. Do you prefer to download apps from internet every time?
    1. Yes
    2. No
    3. No idea
13. Do you think mobile applications are really dominating the other features of smart phones?
    1. Yes
    2. No
    3. No idea
14. What level of updates you need when it comes to your smart phones?
    1. Operating system
    2. Mobile apps
    3. Usability
    4. All
15. Do you think Apple iPhone has changed the phase of mobile application generation?
    1. Yes
    2. No

Features of different mobiles 

Apple iPhone 

Camera: High resolution with 8mp

Graphics: Dual core A5 chip, it is used for better resolution of graphics and fast processing 

Video recording: Fast and 1080 pxl high definition clarity, and also it is used for better recording even the unstable videos 

Operating system: iOS, it is the most advanced and fast. It is also easy to use with rich navigation for the users 

Cloud and data storage: iCloud is the excellent feature with iPhone and it is used to store the user data and access whenever needed 

Resolution:  Retina display is the best feature with iPhone where a high resolution is provided 

Video call: Face time is the best feature with iPhone and it is very easy to make a video call like the normal call 

Games: Airplay is the best feature with iPhone where the games can be connected to normal TV using apple TV. 

Data download speed: Apple iPhone has a maximum download speed up to the range of 14.4 Mbps 

Built in apps: There are more built in apps with iPhone when compared to other smart phones 

Other phones: Nokia, Sony Ericson and HTC 

User opinions towards these features 

Camera: Camera should be minimum 6 mp and also easy to use 

Graphics: They need a processor which can load the graphics quickly 

Video recording: They need a high resolution video recording and high definition output 

Operating system: Os should be very fast and user friendly 

Cloud and data storage: Users should have more space for cloud storage 

Resolution: A clear resolution with more pixels 

Video call : video call should be fast and easy to make 

Games: They need high quality games and also big screen to play 

Data download speed: This speed should be minimum of 12 Mbps without interruption 

Built in apps: users need more built in apps rather than downloading them from net

Future mobile applications 

With the evolution of iPhone the complete focus has completely shifted towards the range of mobile applications that were popular these days and the scope for the future mobile applications and the entire mobile world has shifted their focus towards this. It is always a difficult task to estimate the future mobile applications against the rapidly growing technology and the level of competition in the market, but it is always important to have an ample forecast in this context.

With the latest trends in hardware and software aspects, the scope to create new mobile applications in future has increased a lot and there is a lot of research going against these aspects. There are many assumptions in this context and lot of imaginations like a mobile device can be used as a remote control to control the music systems and booking the tickets from the way to home and even there are many assumptions and forwarded research steps in this context.

Even there is lot of scope where the users can control the mouse of a laptop or desktop using their mobile devices and use the same to show the pictures and videos in the mobile devices on a big screen. When it comes for comparing the future hardware and software aspects for creating high end applications across mobile devices, it is the major responsibility of software to take the mobile applications towards the higher ends when compared to hardware as it is known fact that, each and every user holds high end mobile devices in terms of hardware.

It is always required to design the software in a completely different manner when compared to the current scenario such that more number of magic can be created in term of mobile applications and thus also to attract the users in all the aspects. When the case with iPhone is considered they have already made lot of revolutions like the Apps and API that has made the mobile application development very easy and in this context they may come up with lot of new functionalities across their API to created more wonders at the application development level as well.

By observing all these issue it can be easily understood that there is lot of scope in terms of mobile applications and also usage of internet across the mobile applications. Each and every users across the mobile world are eagerly waiting for all the latest trends in mobile applications and smart phones and thus even the researchers are using this aspect as the input and getting encouraged themselves and coming up with lot of software and hardware innovations to create the latest and unbelievable mobile applications. 

Marketing approach of iPhone 

The most preferred marketing approach followed by iPhone mainly depends on their technical aspects and the key thing that should be considered in this context is that SDK 3.0 and this particular standard development kit is widely used across developing the mobile applications. The key aspect that should be considered while discussing the marketing approach of iPhone is that, almost all the mobile service providers are offering similar or equal features that are available with iPhone and in this context meeting the competitive aspects has become the crucial factor to be considered while designing a perfect marketing approach to sell the iPhone and the corresponding mobile applications.

The main marketing approach followed by iPhone to meet the core competition is that, they used the excellent features available with the SDK 3.0 like the MMS, Copy-Paste features and multimedia services and all these services has made a unique market for iPhone even there are many other features for long time across other mobile applications. The user responses towards these features is also good and thus it has become an easy task for iPhone to occupy the required market and also gain the required levels of competitive advantage.

The innovative step taken by iPhone is that they have added many features that were lacking across the current mobile applications gradually and later they have completely focused on adding extra features to the mobile applications and thus they could gain the soft corner of the customers in many aspects. There are some controversies also in this context and many users argue that it is not only the technology that made iPhone the market leader and there are many hidden issues like the psychology and trends across the marketing.

Another important aspect that made iPhone to concur the market is the way they create the application and the main forwarded step they has taken is that they completely used the features of SDK 3.0 to create the native applications rather than completely focusing on the web applications and thus even the navigation also became easy for the users.

Application to internet communication has become easy with the SDK 3.0 usage across iPhone and thus this step has attracted lot of customers and made them easy to gain the market against the mobile applications. With iPhone the risk of browsing has reduced a lot and this can be considered as the best approach in iPhone and it has provided lot of icons in the home page where the users can just click on the icon to open the desired website rather than typing the complete URL and even this feature has attracted lot of customers and helped iPhone to retains its market.

Geo coding is another important aspect to be considered across SDK 3.0 where the users can give just the coordinates to browse the desired location and this step has taken the functionalities of SDK 3.0 in iPhone to a higher level. Users are provided with an excellent navigation where they can just click on the maps and also if they know the desired coordinates the corresponding user can be found using the GPS system and this complete process has become very easy with the usage of iPhone.

Developers are provided with n number of options to code the desired location based aspects and they are returned with the corresponding coordinates from the Google maps, where these coordinates are fetched and formatted for the usage in iPhone with the required rich user interface.

Value of Apple 

It is proved from different surveys that Apple has surpassed the value of Nokia, which was the market leader initially in many aspects including the core business value, in particular at the smart phone level. Currently Apple is making more business and generating more revenue than Nokia, even Nokia has more market shares across the world and all the successful features of Apple as discussed in the previous sections has made Apple the market leader with respect to the smart phones. Before Apple the core competitors were Nokia, Sony Ericson and HTC and now the situations has changed towards the Nokia, Apple and RIM. 

Among the most successful factors of Apple, the software developed by it has the main consideration and it made the market of Apple to wide spread across the world. Apple OS has many key advantages which made it unique from various service providers and thus Apple could make ample revenue when compared to other successful smart phone providers.

There are some mobile applications even before the introduction of iPhone, but with the introduction of iPhone these mobile applications has taken the economy towards the peeks. Apple has supported many application developers to develop their applications and they have started a separate community in this aspect to encourage more application development and developers.

The main strategy of Apple is that it has used existing software’s to create the new applications and the key among them include the operating system which is smaller version of OS X and the application development environment is mad of Cocoa which was initially used across IPod, MAC and friends and the web browser is Safari. With this strategy Apple is successful in minimizing the technical risks and also could create more number of applications with a less investment.

The SDK developed by Apple can be simply downloaded by the application developers and it can be used against the API to create the applications across the iPhone. Application developers can create their own application using the API and once the applications are tested by Apple they are deployed in to the production and this strategy has made Apple to introduce many applications and thus it has become successful in many aspects.

Apple has reduced number of coding errors by automating the application development process where most of the applications are developed using the standard API’s and thus most of the coding errors are avoided. The software development cycle implemented by Apple is unique in its features and it is as shown in the below figure