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The reactive routing protocols

The reactive protocols vary significantly from drive routing protocols, these are also called ON DEMAND ROUTERS which has its own protocols. As we all experience.One more things we came across are they will not carry on any method of static routing matter and they are totally outspoken in nature adjacent to that of routing matter.

Based on the certain conditions the route of the destination is been developed. The primary job is the routing protocol is they will authenticate the existing routing data and if the data is same then it will be used and if it is not match then it goes for the same needs around the networks in order to apply the routes around the target.

The routing matter which is been diverted with this current protocols is dynamic and in the existing the process if all the route is viewed to be not active for some time then it will go to out of situation then the very new routes are applied based on the needs and then these existing protocols are been taken into account as the main demand routing protocols. All the protocols are in no pressure state which can defend all over routing protocols.

The reactive routing protocols contains two different types of the routing protocols like DSR-dynamic source routes including AODV-Adhoc on demand vectors and these all are clearly explained briefly 

The proactive routing protocols:

Generally, in the table driven routing protocols or the proactive routing protocols a dynamic and appropriate entry for the routing towards the target is available across the routing table of various nodes in the network. The static route is gripped by these particular routing protocols if it is not required and therefore these protocols are capable of maintaining the quality of control that is needed. Two routing protocols are considered under the proactive routing protocol category and they are the OLSR “Optimized Link State Routing Protocol” and DSDV “Destination Sequence Distance Vector routing protocol”. The brief explanation of these two routing protocols is as follows:

DSDV routing Protocol:

Destination Sequence Distance Vector routing protocol implements few common techniques and the one among the techniques is Bellman-ford and this is regarded as the significant technique for DSDV.The specific information related to the routing is represented by maintaining a particular sequence for all the routing entries in the routing table.

A separate routing table is maintained by every node and that routing table keeps up the common information related to the nodes like the hops count that has been transferred across that particular targeted node, the information of destination series numbers and even the alternate hop’s information is also maintained by the routing table.The updates of all the nodes are generated across the routing tables and the consistency of the routing tables is managed at a specific time in the DSDV routing protocol and then the routing procedure is continued.

                       DSDV routing protocol make use of all the updates of the node that are available in the routing table and these updates are generated by using the network configuration updates that are known during the complete procedure. The route stability across the network is maintained by the DSDV routing protocol by making used of the possible updates.

The estimation of route stability and the related reactions will completely decides the performance of the routing protocoland if a link failure or a route failure in the route is identified across this process,DSDV routing protocol is used to allot the unique sequence number and infinity variable to the routes. During this process an update is triggered as soon as the infinity metrics are discovered by the node that is towards the route.

In such situations in order to maintain the stability of the route the failed route will be replaced with a new route. Two conditions are generally considered during the process of triggering the updates of the table and they are given below:

1. During this complete process when the greater sequence number is used for receiving a data packet then instantaneously the information that is already existed is replaced.
2. The updating of the routing table is done depending on the same sequence number 

The optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR):

The Optimized Link State Routing protocol is simple referred as OLSR routing protocol and this comes under the proactive routing protocol category. In this routing protocol the various kinds of routes that are required for the routing process are accessible every time. The OLSR routing protocol utilizes the Multi Point Relays MPR for reducing the transparency across the network, the occurrence of topological changes in a network will lead to this transparency.

The situation of flooding which is caused by the continuous broadcast of duplicate messages is caused in the network if in case there are number of topological changes occurs in the network. When a same message is transmitted for number of types across the same region then that is called transmission of duplicate messages or it is also referred as flooding. This flooding situation caused by this duplicate forwarding of messages can be decreased using the MPRs.

The status of the changes caused in the network topology can be can be identified by knowing the information related to the link state of the node and by broadcasting that information across the network using the hello messages and also by using the topology control and OLSR routing protocol. In general, in order to know about the changes that occurred due to the mobility behavior possessed by the nodes those are across the topology of the network, by transmitting the hello messages at the particular node level only and also by transmitting the topological changes messages across the entire network.

The messages of topology changes are forwarded across the entire network in a periodic manner when a change in the topology of the network is identified across the network and this is done by making use of the MPRs. Therefore the situation of flooding caused by the broadcasting of duplicate messages can also be decreased by the use of MPRs.

The advanced and enhanced version of link state algorithm is regarded as the OLSR routing protocol in this protocol also for the similar nodes the information of the link state will be same. The chances for reducing the control packets size will be more with the proper implementation of the OLSR routing protocol, and along with this the maintenance of the information related to the subset of links relatively than the complete information of the link of the specific network.

The information of the topology control can be optimized using the multi-point relays. The OLSR routing protocol is considered as one of the best routing protocol among all the other routing protocols established for the MANETs.The optimization can be achieved by subjecting the hello messages which is permitted by all the nodes for identifying the information related to the nodes adjacent and then by continuing the process for identifying the hop count directed towards that particular node.

The importance of mobile adhoc technologies is rapidly increasing in today’s technological world and therefore the usage of various kinds of mobile computing applications is also increased across the world. In general as there is a lot of demand for these technologies, there is also a lot of availability for the enhancing procedure of these technologies that existing at present. While considering all the mobile technologies the MANETs (Mobile adhoc Networks) can be deliberated as the best technology.

The reason behind accepting these MANETs as best is it is having several benefits and significant advantage of MANETs is that it doesn’t have a particular architecture in other words MANETs are considered as architecture less technologies and the other advantage is that these particular networks are self-functioning that means they have their own capacity to get functioned to make this more clear these are considered as the autonomous systems .

Controlling the routers and wireless links that exist between them is significant operation of these MANETs. The routers across a network can travel from one region to any other region rapidly along the virtual graph and this capacity of moving for the router is because as it is designed with mobility behaviour. The virtual graph in the network is generated across the wireless links and routers also.

The managing and functioning of MANETs can be done in a different approach as it has autonomous character and some operations of infrastructure and these can also be connected or appended to the internet irrespective to the type.  It’s a proved fact that the general behaviour of the MANETs is mobility, there are several chances concerns regarding the link stability and route stability will occur and these concerns can be addressed using the applicable routing protocol.

In MANETs the routing stability is guaranteed by using the suitable routing protocol. Generally routing protocols are of two types and they are the proactive routing protocols and reactive routing protocols. The other name of proactive routing protocols is table driven routing protocols and the other name for reactive routing protocols is on-demand routing protocols. 

Abstract 

Estimating the packet losses is the main aim of this project and for this purpose a simple wireless LAN is considered in terms of MANET and OPNET modeler is used for the simulation process. Three scenarios are created in the simulation environment against the three routing protocols like AODV, DSR and OLSR. Wireless LAN mobile workstations are created as the mobile nodes and almost 20 nodes are used and a single wireless LAN server is used to act as the destination for the email application. Three scenarios are compared against the email and wireless LAN performance metrics and from the analysis of the results key observations are given as below 

As the main aim of this simulation is to estimate the packet loss situations on the wireless, three scenarios are considered like AODV, OLSR and DSR and their performance against the packet losses are analyzed. Email application is used to generate the traffic on the network and from the analysis of the traffic patterns the corresponding packets are also analyzed. Few email metrics like download response time, upload response time, traffic sent and traffic received are analyzed against the packet loss from the overall analysis of the results it is clear the OLSR has shown an optimal performance in terms of packet loss at the upload and download response time.

When the packets loss is estimated against the traffic sent and traffic received are analyzed the packet loss is very less with the AODV routing protocol and thus it indicates that the overall performance of AODV is more to reduce the packet loss against the email application. When the wireless LAN server metrics are considered the performance of both AODV and OLSR at the optimal levels in every aspect considered and also the OLSR has shown an optimal performance in terms of delay, medium access delay, load, network load, throughput and retransmission attempts and the AODV has shown the required performance to reduce the packet loss at the wireless LAN server side. 

Introduction 

Project background 

A network can be considered a group of computers for a common purpose like communication or data transfer and in this context all these computers will act as nodes and the destination of all these nodes will lead towards a server. In general these computers can be connected in different manners and the key among them are wired and wireless where the wireless networks has gained lot of importance these days. Wireless networks has gained more popularity as it has reduced lot of risks in establishing the wired communication and also reduced the infrastructure requirements a lot.

In general the wireless networks has the tendency to establish the connection against the present conditions on the network and also they are affected with lot of topological conditions and the most important examples of wireless networks are ad hoc networks and wireless LAN’s where there are number of mobile nodes on the network.

Due to the mobility of the nodes on the wireless networks, the nodes can move randomly to the desired areas and process the communication requests and in this process they will be incurred with some issues like packet drop and packet loss. Among lot of issues faced by the wireless networks like ad hoc networks, packet losses can be considered as the main problem and there is lot of research done in this context and most of researchers has proposed some solutions in this context to reduce the packet loss across the network and they has been implemented to reduce the packet loss across the network. 

If the packet loss on the network is more then automatically the overall performance of the network is reduced and also the important data and communication aspects are dropped in the middle of the communication without reaching the destination. The total packet loss on the network in general depends on few aspects like type of traffic generated on the network and also the nature of the application used to generate this traffic. There are two types of traffic types like TCP and CBR and among these types TCP has more tendencies to lose the packets when compared to CBR traffic as across the CBR a constant bit rate is implemented.

As mentioned the kind of application plays an important role in deciding the TCP and CBR traffic and in this context the applications like FTP and email will generate the FTP traffic and the applications like voice and video will given the required CBR traffic across the network and this traffic has the significant role in estimating the packet loss across the network. Due to the packet loss across the network few important aspects like traffic sent, traffic received, load and throughput are affected and thus these metrics will affect the overall performance of the network as well. In general if the packet loss is more on the network the server and the corresponding nodes will gain the scope for the intruder attacks as well where the chance of attacks like DOS and packet flooding are increased and thus in this context the main problem for this project is identified and is as given below 

Problem definition

Estimating the packet loss across the wireless networks is the main problem considered in this project and for this purpose an ad hoc network level analysis is done. OPNET modeler is used as the desired simulation tool and a simple MANET is created with 20 mobile nodes and a single wireless LAN server. The mobile nodes are created using the wireless LAN mobile nodes and the destination server is used is created with the wireless LAN fixed server. As mentioned TCP traffic has much tendency to lose the packets and in this context a simple email application is used to generate the TCP traffic and the application is defined at the application configuration and profile configuration level.

Few routing protocols are considered to understand the packet loss performance of these routing protocols and they are AODV, DSR and OLSR and in general the routing protocols are the best source to estimate the packet loss as the complete scope to lose the packets mainly depends on the type of routing protocol implemented and also the kind of routing parameters followed to deliver the packets against the TCP traffic generated on the network.

Three different scenarios are created in this context, where AODV is used in the first scenario, DSR in the second scenario and OLSR is used across the third scenario and few performance metrics are also considered. Both the email and wireless LAN parameters are considered for the performance evaluation such that the level of packet loss across the three routing protocols for these metrics is estimated and the key performance metrics used in this context are as listed below 

Following are the performance metrics used to evaluate the performance of Email application in terms of packet loss for the three scenarios 

• Download response time in seconds
• Traffic received in bytes per sec
• Traffic received in packets per sec
• Traffic sent in bytes per sec
• Traffic sent in packets per sec
• Upload response time

Following are the wireless LAN performance metrics used to evaluate the wireless LAN aspects for the three routing protocols 

• Data dropped due to buffer overflow
• Data dropped due to retry threshold exceed limit
• Delay
• Load
• Medium access delay
• Network load
• Retransmission attempts
• Throughput

Same performance metrics are used across the three scenarios and the simulation is run for one hour to get the comparison results and they are explained in this document. The key aims and objective identified in this project are as listed below 

Aims and Objectives 

Aim: The main of this project is to estimate the packet losses across the MANETs against three routing protocols like AODV, OLSR and DSR and understand the impact of packet loss on the overall performance of the network. 

Objectives 

Following are the objectives identified in this project 

• To critically review different routing protocols against the packet loss situations and understand the limitations of these routing protocols
• To design the simulation procedure against the packet loss situations on the MANETs
• To simulate a simple MANET with 20 mobile nodes and generate the TCP traffic using Email application and estimate the packet loss across the email and wireless LAN server
• To compare the scenarios against the AODV, DSR and OLSR routing protocols
• To analyze the results and conclude the packet loss situations on the MANET and also understand the best routing protocol in handling the packet loss and reducing this loss.

Introduction to the project:

A network is said to be a group of computers or people connected together to share information for their business purpose. In a computer terminology network can be defined as a group of computers connected logically for information sharing such as file printing, multitasking etc. these networks may be wired or wireless. A wireless network is with the no physical connection between node to node.

 The number of devices that can be connected wirelessly in a wireless network is increased greater. Therefore packet flooding on a wireless network would create high processing power by aggregation of processing power of the nodes. In my project I have aimed towards the packet flooding on a wireless networks with new layer called SMAC (sensor medium access control) layer. This layer contains all the required services for packet flooding implementation.

Before going to the aim and objectives of the project, we have to know about the MANET (mobile ad-hoc network). MANET is an autonomous system of mobile nodes.

For construction of MANET all the needed is a node which is willing to receive the data. A MANET infrastructure is less approach to a wireless local area network (WLAN/WLL) etc. it has a self configuration of network nodes and routers wirelessly. Therefore a rapid change topology takes place in packet traffic. Different types of MANETS are used for a packet delivery. 

AIM & OBJECTIVES: 

The main aim of our project is to research on wireless ad-hoc networks flooding using SMAC layer.

AD- hoc networks are the networks which can be used for a particular purpose.

The main objective of our projects is as follows: 

1. To investigate about Ad- hoc networks and MANET
2. To understand the various routing protocols involved in a Ad-hoc networks.
3. To research about the packet flooding on a wireless sensor networks. 

For a packet flooding in a wireless network first we have to know about what is Ad-hoc network and a MANET.

On doing the research work, it is known that MANET (mobile Ad-hoc network) is a kind of  an wireless Ad-hoc network which can be usually routable at the top link layer. 802.11 wi-fi wireless network was the best example for a MANET.

The packet flooding on a network can be done by using many routing techniques which include routing protocols. Therefore it focus on our objective points, which is understanding various routing protocols. So, it is advisable to know various protocols involved. Routing is a mechanism which is used to find the path in between two nodes or entities. The different routing protocols are RIP (routing information protocol); IGRP( interior gateway routing protocol); OSPF(open shortest path first); BGP(border gateway protocol). Therefore our main objective is advisable for our research work.

After having an idea of all above we can able to research on our main objective i.e. packet flooding on a wireless sensor networks. In this I am going to research on wireless Ad-hoc routing protocols in order to packet flooding. It splits into sub-topic research work on prospective protocols, reactive protocols and hybrid protocols.

As this my masters level project I split into these main above objectives for my research work. This will help in clear understanding of packet flooding concept in detail. 

Rationale:

      The main reason for choosing this particular topic as my dissertation work was to overcome the disadvantages of a present wireless networks to overcome problems in the present wireless communication and by knowing the importance of proposed network for packet flooding and its benefits over existing networks. This was an interesting experience to do research work on a wireless network. 

Explanation:

    It is expensive to maintain cables over an entire network and even it causes to failure for some reasons. Therefore we switched towards a wireless network. In a wireless network a network can be extended to places. Some of the major problems with the wireless are total throughout output will be effected when the multipath propagation, pathless are very big problems in a wireless medium. 

     My research work moved me towards the mobile wireless communication networks due to  its properties such as extended coverage. The Ad-hoc networks used as a single access point for few users can access network. The communication can be done even when no infrastructure exists. 

             The routing protocols are very interesting in a Ad-hoc networks. This driven towards choosing this project work and where as and this project also related to my masters course. Such as proactive protocol, which are used to make request to their neighbor in the network? The reactive protocols make the route when they have the data to send. Where as the hybrid protocol follows the both proactive as well as reactive protocols. These routing protocols are very interesting ones to understand. 

             Coming to the literature survey Bekim cilkyu, Aksenti Granrov proposed the Ad-hoc grid layer technique in order to implement grid systems. This layer contains all the services for a grid implementation.

                 The service discovery in a mobile Ad-hoc networks, MANET base on grid by Hau-Wen, Tsai, Tzung-shi chen, Member IEEE and chih-ping chu, member IEEE service discovery is an important operation for usability of mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Because of their dynamic nature, no traditional solutions to service discovery were adopted here. My research work presents protocol based architecture in an Ad-hoc network. The geographical area of a MANET was delivered into 2-D logical grid. By this scheme we can efficiently decrease the cost of discovery and register and this mode case to large networks. 

Justified Methodology: 

                 Research is defined as an activity which involves in a search for information. According to the knowledge gained by me, research is done for choosing a particular field this can be done by different research methodologies and justifying the methodology which suits to our work with some questionnaire. Methodologies in research are classified into two. They are 

1. qualitative method
2. quantitative method 

Both the qualitative and quantitative methods having their individual merits and demerits.

The research work can be undertaken to exploring an idea of a work, to probe an issue and to solve a problem. The methodology can be justified if it suits and meets all the requirements of the desired selected topic undergoes a survey then qualitative methodology can be opted. Here in my dissertation work I have selected the qualitative methodology as my work undergoes a simulation.  

The qualitative analysis can be defined as to manage, shaping and making sense of an unstructured information. It involves in a clear study and analysis of the particular work. I opted qualitative methodology since my work includes a full study and analysis. Where as qualitative method does not, quantitative methodology does not refers to large number of people/ events. A qualitative method was chosen in my work, since my work involves on a case study simulation work. In my current dissertation work the questions used are 

Semi Structured Interviews and surveys are used in this project for most of data collection. More of which are analyzed in detail below. 

Semi structured interviews: 

The respondents for the interviews required to process technical know how and as a result the network administrators are the main participants.

The interview begins with the set off pre determined topics of discussion and further data is collected depending on the responses received. The data thus collected is reviewed, analyzed and grouped against specific characteristics. 

Secondary sources: 

Existing data in this field is collected and analyzed to get a clear overview of ad hoc networks and the issues that accompany them. The sources include past academic research papers, articles, journals, government publications and past research thesis. 

In this project an OPNET simulator is used for a network design and for simulation to obtain results. 

1. What are the effects of problems arrised in a wireless network?
2. What are the reasons that driven towards a mobile Ad-hoc networks? 

Generations of this methodology: 

The current methodology can be generalized by answering following factor. 

Is it possible that current methodology is unique to the circumstance? 

To overcome this situation a simulation process can be done where we can get results for each and every section i.e. the results can tell the mobile Ad-hoc network can be able for packet flooding. 

The answers for above two questions can be done by our selected methodology some of the problems involved in a wireless network are multipath propagation, pathloss, interference and a limited frequency spectrum.

The current methodology helps to do research work on the above mentioned areas and also helps to find out the reasons that cause driving towards an Ad-hoc for packet flooding. The extended coverage and all research work can be helpful here.

Therefore we can say that the methodology we have chosen is justified for our project “packet flooding using SMAC layer”. 

Project Plan: 

Since my engineering I got used to perform tasks by creating a To-do list. With the application of project planning table, I have presented the project plan. The table shows the allocation of time on weekly basis to do a particular task. I have marked the weeks on which I completed and pursued a specific task in the below table. The table even shows my future time distribution and by when I would complete the divided tasks. By following the below plan I am confident that the final submission would be done well within the deadline. 

Collecting Existing Data: By refering to the past information regarding the project like journals, articles, thesis, publications, books, contemporary issues, I have collected the data that would be useful in the preparation of the project. I have identified the scope of the project and tried to collect the required data accordingly. 

Selecting participants for interviews: In order to perform the interview, I willl choose ten technical engineers who has a good knowledge in this particular arena. 

Constructing questions for the interviews: I will be constructing the questionnaire by which it could be explained about my research. Questions will be prepared by taking the  help of supervisor.

Scheduling the interview: After completing the questionnaire, I will approach the selected candidates for their responses. I will try to mail them or meet them personally and collect the responses. 

Conducting the interviews: The interviews would be carried and held based on the availability of the candidates. I will make sure all the responses are collected in two weeks after completion of the questionnaire. 

Compile and segregate the data collected: Once all the responses are collected from the technical engineers, analysis will be done on them. I would seggregate the responses accordingly. 

Network simulation design: Once the questionnaire part is done, I will start to construct the network design by using a simulator. 

Obtaining results from simulation: Later after running the network simulator, results would be collected. 

Evaluating results: All the collected results will be then observed and analyzed to come to a conclusion. 

Drafting final report: Once the practical work is done, I will start drafting the work which is carried to get to the conclusion. 

Editing Final Report: After the completion of the draft, by including all the required criteria to complete the dissertation, I will make necessary changes. 

Preparing Final Report: Once everything is done, I will do proof-reading before submitting. I would also take my supervisor’s help, to review the final submission.