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Energy consumption in wireless sensor networks 

In general wireless sensor networks operated with the help of battery power and the life of these batteries are fixed to certain limits and after some time the life can be expired. Optimizing the energy consumption is always required across the wireless sensor networks to save the battery power. There are different scenarios where the energy is consumed across the wireless sensor networks and all these scenarios should be considered to optimize the energy consumption across the wireless sensor networks. In general the sensors operated under the battery power and these sensors consume some energy at the communication level itself to route the packets and also maintain the routing tables.

Frequent updates to the routing tables involves lot of computation across the sink node of the wireless sensor networks and these computation consumes some energy with respect to the overall energy consumption across the wireless sensor networks.  In general the sensor nodes across the wireless sensor networks have some database capabilities and they process the query requests from the neighboring sensor nodes and pass little information across the network and even this process consumes ample energy across the wireless sensor networks.

The type of routing chosen across the wireless sensor networks also plays a vital role in deciding the energy consumption and the routing protocol plays an important role in the energy consumption process. In general there are three different types of routing protocols across the wireless sensor networks like proactive routing protocol, reactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols. Proactive routing protocols are table driven routing protocols and they operated under the guidance of the routing table information and the overall energy consumption across these routing protocols is very less as the routing is static in nature and there are no dynamic updates to the routing tables and the routing process is not affected to the dynamic changes in the topology of the wireless sensor networks.

Reactive routing protocols are dynamic in nature and on demand routing protocols. They are dynamic in nature and can change the routing decisions as per the changes in the topology and thus the energy consumption is more across the reactive routing protocols when compared to the proactive routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols operates under the combined principles of the proactive and reactive routing protocols and thus the energy consumption is less when compared to proactive or reactive routing protocols as they routing decisions are changes as per the current networking conditions. The level of energy consumption also depends on type of routing followed like single path and multipath routing. In general single path routing consumes more energy when compared to the multipath routing.

Wireless Sensor Networks: In today’s environment the evolving of technology leads to the growth of different kind of low cost sense technologies that are utilized in various sectors. The technology that supports is wireless sensing technology it is done with the help of wireless sensor networks. These networks are combined of typical nodes which has the capacity to determine both the physical and ecological features.

These sensors distribute the particular data sustaining both physical as well as ecological environments and transfer the information regardless of wires. The main feature of wireless it is very skillful in mechanisms like data transmitting and data forwarding. These sensors independent in nature and they tune to the variables such as vibration, velocity, sound, motion etc. These networks can sense them and as well and also detect them easily.These sensors is composed of four main devices sensor, unit, energy source, transceiver it also consists of other add-on’s like energy producer, position changer, localization unit etc. These wireless nodes resemble the shape of coins since these are smaller in size this can be minimized with the technology of “micro-electro-mechanical systems”.

More nodes to be place as the distance is limited to 30 meters because of low energy levels and low band width therefore the nodes requirement is high. So that data transformation is high and constant. Hence the four components should be used accurately and their supporting team also.Due to this the processing capability is very less since the node is aligned by less bandwidth and less energy transformation. The wireless sensor network varies in a very high degree as the operating system functions are contains millions of code lines unlike wirelesses networks as it can handle limited code lines WSN can handle to only few thousand lines of codes. Here we are mentioning various types of operating systems TINY OS, MANTIS,SOS, NANO-RK,CONTIKI,BTNUT etc. each one is utilized for different purpose regarding to particular field depending upon the commercial needs.

It can track all the possibilities irrespective of physical conditions existing in that area. so it is confirmed that wireless sensor networks are very accurate in nature.The wide range of usage is extended to different fields such as health application, army applications, ecological applications moreover commercial applications for examples the homes which is helpful for smart automation and in multi stored buildings for which environment issues does not raise ultimately warns if there is any problem occurs vehicles can be easily  viewed and proper administration can be processed by innovative control management such as in museums ,railway stations .

In army they  can view the forces ,bunkers, border tacking can also be done  the equipment here used is ammunition. Beneath this they can track the battle fields and also can fix the target and explodes are targeted based on this even in desserts as well as waters it can be tracked through heli copters ,choppers .it can identifies the enemy attacks also    these attacks may include both chemical as well as biological attacks  the war damage is also tracked. In the environmental department it is used to view the land conditions for agriculture purpose and to access the pollution levels and to anticipate which crops are better for the growth type of field, its habitations it also served for commercial purpose like fire alarming and in anticipating the natural calamities like   floods and earthquakes coming to the health region its purposes are drug management and administration and it is also helpful in checking the physical and mental health also.

The routing protocols play vital role in sensor applications it is selected by the application type we use it supports wireless sensor networks. The routing protocol designs causes some internal problems due to this they face same struggles .while implementing the struggles should be carefully read and should be known so that we can take necessary steps the factors which rely when we develop the routing protocols are reporting data methods connectivity, scalability and the important point to remember is deployment of nodes the tolerance level to be maintained and media of transmission.

Sensor nodes can be predictable as small size computers, extremely fundamental in terms of their interfaces and their components. They usually consist of a processor with confined computational power and limited memory, sensors or a communication device and a power source usually in the form of a battery. Other possible inclusions are energy, harvesting modules, secondary ASICs, and possibly secondary communication devicesThe resources are very high with one of the base stations are eminent devices of the WSN which has high energy sources with full of calculated power and limited memory. They act as a gateway between sensor nodes and the end user as they typically forward data from the WSN on to a server. Other special components in routing based networks are routers, designed to compute, calculate and distribute the routing tables. Many techniques are used to connect to the outside world including mobile phone networks, satellite phones, radio modems, high power Wi-Fi links etc.

The main aim of this An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks project is to evaluate the energy consumption across the wireless sensor networks and in this context a S-MAC protocol is proposed across the simulation process. A simple mobile ad hoc network is created and the number of nodes is set to 15 and a single wireless LAN server is created for the simulation purpose using OPNET modeler.

AODV is used the routing protocol and two scenarios are created in this simulation process, where the first scenario is the normal MAC configuration and the actual proposed S-MAC protocol is implemented in the second scenario and the simulation is run for 5 minutes and the results are compared to analyze the performance of S-MAC against the energy efficiency. 

From the overall analysis of the results achieved after comparing the ordinary MAC and S-MAC it is clear that, the proposed S-MAC has optimized the energy consumption of all the sensor nodes and also improved the overall performance of the network in terms of FTP application and also the wireless LAN MAC parameters. There is negligible packet loss across the proposed S-MAC scenario and also equal amount of traffic is sent and received across the proposed S-MAC configuration.

S-MAC protocol makes the sensor nodes to be in either idle or sleep mode when there is no communication to be happen across the network and thus the overall performance of network is optimized in terms of energy consumption. Thus from all the results achieved and after the required analysis it can be concluded that S-MAC is always the best way to improve the energy efficiency across the wireless sensor networks. 

Energy efficient wireless sensor MAC protocol 

Introduction and Problem definition 

Wireless sensor networks and the corresponding applications are widely used these days and have greater range of applicability across many areas like environment monitoring, medical systems, smart spaces and also robotics. In general a typical wireless sensor network contains number of individual and well configured nodes and operates under a supervision known as a centralized server.

A typical node across the wireless sensor nodes contains one or more sensor nodes, embedded processors and operates with the help of battery power. Each sensor node has some memory and battery capacity and operates with the mutual interaction among the other nodes and also sends the frequent updates of the network across the nodes. A task across the communication process is achieved by these nodes through the mutual cooperation among the sensor nodes.

Successful operation among the sensor nodes is mainly achieved with the implementation of the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol like any other shared medium communication. In general there could be some chances, where two or more interfacing nodes act on a single communication attribute and cause the collision due to the single time transmission at the network level. It is the fundamental task of the MAC protocol to avoid these types of collisions across the wireless sensor networks and also reduce the energy consumed due to these collisions across the network .

These types of collisions are common across the wireless data and voice communication and the perfect implementation of the MAC protocol is required at this level. There are many MAC protocols developed and discussed across the literature that can be used to reduce the collisions across the wireless sensor networks due the wireless data and voice communication process.  Time division multiple access (TDMA), Code division multiple access (CDMA) and IEEE 802.11 are the few examples of the MAC protocols that can be used in this context to reduce the collisions across the wireless sensor networks. The implementation and functionality of any perfect MAC protocol depends on various factors and few of them are as discussed below 

Energy efficiency of the MAC protocol can be considered as the important and key issues that should be achieved at any cost for the perfect operation of the MAC protocol. In general the sensor nodes across the wireless sensor networks operate with the help of battery power and the consumption of the power would be very high in terms of energy due to the operation and maintenance of the MAC protocols. If this is the case, changing the batteries or recharge the existing batteries is really difficult in this scenario and thus reducing the power is the best way to increase the energy efficiency rather than changing or recharging as discussed.

If the power of the batteries is expired, it indicates that the overall performance of the network is reduced a lot and finally the life time of the wireless sensor network is reduced with respect to these issues. Apart from the energy efficiency, another important factor that determines the performance of the MAC protocol that is being implemented across the wireless sensor network is the scalability. In general the scalability is something that deals with the adaptability of the network to change as per the existing conditions like the change in topology, number of nodes and the present communication pattern being followed across the wireless sensor networks.

Across a typical wireless sensor network there could be some chances where some nodes may be expired due to many reasons, some nodes may join the network later and some nodes may change their location and destination due to several conditions like congestion and density across the wireless sensor networks.  The reliability of a good MAC protocol depends on the level of adaptability shown by it to accept these network and topology changes due to many reasons. Apart from these two factors like energy efficiency and scalability there are few other important factors like fairness, bandwidth utilization, throughput and latency, but these are secondary across the wireless sensor network, where they are given the primary focus across the wireless voice and data communication mechanisms .

As discussed there are many existing MAC protocols and it is proved that they fail across any of the above mentioned conditions like, if a protocol is capable of achieving the energy efficiency another may fail due to the scalability issues and vice versa and one more thing that should be given across these MAC protocols is that they are more generalized and not made in specific to meet the requirements of wireless sensor networks. To meet the more specific needs of the wireless sensor nodes like the radio used across the sensor nodes consumes more energy across the MAC layer and there is also a need of a more specific sensor MAC protocol.

The basic requirements for a MAC protocol across the wireless sensor network should be energy efficient and scalable and should make the network adopt the frequent changes across the wireless sensor networks. The main aim of this project is to design and implement a sensor MAC protocol (S-MAC) to reduce the energy consumption and also improve the scalability of the network and incorporate the collision avoidance mechanism to reduce the usual collisions that are caused across the sensor nodes of the network. To proceed with the research following research questions are identified 

• What is the role of energy across the wireless sensor networks and how it is affected due to scalability and collisions across the wireless sensor networks?
• How to design a sensor MAC protocol (S-MAC) to improve the energy efficiency across the wireless sensor networks?

Aims and Objectives 

Following are the aims and objectives of this project 

Aim: To design and implement a sensor MAC protocol (S-MAC) to improve the energy efficiency and scalability across the wireless sensor networks using OPNET modeler simulation tool. 

Objectives

• To critically review different MAC protocols and evaluate their performance with respect to energy consumption
• To analyze the importance of a specific sensor MAC protocol across the wireless sensor network to improve the energy efficiency and scalability across the network.
• To design the simulation model for S-Mac protocol and compare with the existing MAC protocols like IEEE 802.11.
• To develop the simulation to evaluate the performance of S-MAC using OPNET modeler.
• To evaluate the comparison results and review the performance of S-MAC protocol across the wireless sensor networks with respect to energy efficiency and scalability. 

Literature review 

In general the communication patterns across the wireless sensor networks has many layers involved like any other network and these layers are really important to decide the performance of the network. Among several layers present at the communication level of the wireless sensor networks, medium access layer (MAC) plays a vital role across the wireless sensor networks and used for many important aspects across the network like reducing the collision across the sensors due to the single time transmissions. MAC protocol ensures a perfect and collision free communication among the sensor nodes, where the chances of collision among the sensor nodes during the transmission process are reduced a lot .

Apart from these communication issues, energy efficiency also plays an important role across the wireless sensor nodes and in general these nodes operate using the battery power and the power of these batteries is reduced due to lot of issues across the wireless sensor nodes. The usual power consumption mechanisms across the wireless sensor networks include the radio that operates across the sensor nodes, transmission, receiving and scanning operations across the communication process also consumes lot of energy in this context.  In general there are different types of MAC protocols like TDMA, CDMA and IEEE 802.11 where the maximum concentration of these protocols is done at the factors like bandwidth utilization, throughput and latency and ignores the important aspects like energy efficiency and scalability.

Energy utilization has an important role across the wireless sensor networks and there are many traditional MAC protocols that were implemented to reduce the battery power consumption across the network. The basic implementation that was followed across the wireless sensor networks is that, setting the sensor nodes to sleep and idle conditions and thus saving the battery power as much as possible. 

TDMA MAC protocols can be considered as the energy preserving protocols, as the functionality of these protocols does not consume lot of energy due to regular sleep mode instructions passed by the protocol and duty cycle implemented across the protocol implementation. Even TDMA MAC can be considered as the energy efficient in terms of the duty cycle, there are some disadvantages with this implementation like schedule maintenance of the TDMA MAC is really a tedious task at the wireless sensor networks. Schedules of the neighbors across the wireless sensor networks are also important and across the implementation of the TDMA MAC, maintaining these schedules is a bit memory consumption process and thus finally the energy is also affected due to these issues and thus this type of MAC protocol is not perfectly suitable for wireless sensor networks.

Apart from the TDMA MAC approach, the other alternative way to reduce the power is to a use an extra radio across the sensor nodes called as wake up radio and operates at a different frequency range across the communication. Wake up radios are used to wake up the other sensor nodes and thus does not need any further data processing requirements and thus the energy is saved across this type of radios for the wireless sensor networks. Even this type of wake radio implementation is proved to be an energy efficient approach, adding an extra component is not as easy as discussed and with this the complete technical implementation metrics of the wireless sensor nodes are affected a lot.

Current MAC protocols across the networks can be broadly divided in to two types like content based and TDMA based and the basic operation range of TDMA based MAC protocol is discussed above. Content based MAC protocols can also considered as the energy efficient in several aspects and the best example for this is the IEEE 802.11 protocol and this protocol can be considered as the energy efficient protocol even across the operation at the ad hoc level. This type of MAC protocol is best suited for the networks, where all the nodes across the network are located at single cell location, where as the typical wireless sensor nodes are widely spread and operates across the multi-hop environment and thus IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol can’t be considered as the required energy efficient solution for the wireless sensor networks. 

Thus it is clear from this review that, even there are many existing MAC protocols like TDMA, CDMA and IEEE 802.11 and proved to be energy efficient with respect to different issues; the key and common limitation among this protocol implementation is that, they are more generalized and can’t be applied across the wireless sensor networks. To solve all these issues in a possible manner, a more specific MAC protocol with respect to energy efficiency and scalability across the wireless sensor networks is always required.

The primary goal of this protocol should be to achieve maximum energy efficiency and improve the scalability and also to reduce the collisions across the wireless sensor networks due the transmission issues across the interfering sensor nodes and the design of this protocol should be compared to the existing once to evaluate the performance. The performance of the sensor MAC protocol is evaluated in this research and it is compared with the existing protocols like TDMA and IEEE 802.11 in terms of the energy consumption and scalability issues. 

Research methodology 

Quantitative research methodology is followed in this project. In general a quantitative research methodology is the one which can be used compare different results like graphs and charts and these graphs are used to evaluate the performance of any particular system in comparison with an existing or reference system. As the main aim of this project is to evaluate the design of a new sensor MAC (S-MAC) protocol, the proposed protocol is designed using a typical wireless sensor simulation model. OPNET modeler is used as the simulation tool in this project and it can be used to create multiple scenarios and compare the scenarios using the graphs and thus quantitative method of research is appropriate in this project.

Initially two scenarios are considered in this project to evaluate the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor networks using the S-MAC and to proceed with this research two MAC protocols are considered like IEEE 802.11 and S-MAC. Few performance metrics are considered with respect to these two protocols and simulated across the wireless sensor network and individual scenarios are created against the performance metrics. Once these two scenarios are considered and created, individual performance and comparison of the scenarios are evaluated to test the simulation done and also energy efficiency model of the S-MAC is determined. 

Project plan 

Task	Description	Start Date	End Date	Duration
Introduction	Basic introduction to the project along with the problem definition and aims and objectives are defined in this section.			2 weeks
Literature review	Following topics are covered under the literature review  Introduction to MAC layer its importance across the networks and communication process Review on different MAC protocols and their implementation procedure towards the energy efficiency across the wireless sensor networks Review on limitations of the existing MAC protocols with respect to the wireless sensor networks and energy consumption aspects Review on wireless sensor network issues like energy, scalability and collision and analysis of the required MAC protocol to achieve the desired energy efficiency and scalability.			4 weeks
Simulation design	Following design aspects are discussed in this section Introduction to OPNET modeler as the required simulation tool Parameters description of the scenarios Detailed design procedure of the scenarios Explanation to performance evaluation metrics like energy consumption and energy savings			3 weeks
Simulation procedure	Following aspects are covered under this chapter  Detailed explanation to the scenarios considered Steps explaining the simulation procedure to be followed using the OPNET modeler across the scenarios Simulation steps and the corresponding screenshots Procedure to setup the required wireless sensor network and the corresponding MAC protocols Explanation to parameters setup and running the simulation process			4 weeks
Evaluation of results	Results achieved after running the individual scenarios and after comparing the scenarios are explained in this chapter with reference to the aims and objectives of this project.			2 weeks
Conclusion and Future work	Conclusion from the total work done and the results evaluation is given and the better ways to improve the project in future are also explained.			1 week

 

Conclusion and Future work 

Conclusion 

Packet loss across the network is the main problem to be considered across any type of network like wired or wireless networks. In general across the wireless networks like wireless LAN and MANETs the nodes across the network will develop the tendency to lose the packets and due to this the overall performance of the network is degraded and this behavior is due to the mobile nature of the nodes across the network. If there is an ample amount of packet loss on the network it indicates that the nodes are losing the important data and communication information and due to this the overall network will be dropped in the performance levels and thus always an important solution is required in this context.

If the packet loss is more many communication attributes are affected with this and also the network will lose the important information with respect to this packet losses and to understand the impact of the packet losses on the network a simple OPNET modeler simulation is considered in this process. A mobile ad hoc network is considered against the wireless LAN server and wireless LAN mobile workstations and almost 20 nodes are considered in this simulation. An Email application is used for the simulation process and this email will generate the required FTP traffic on the network and the performance of three routing protocols like AODV, DSR and OLSR are considered at three scenarios level and few performance metrics of Email and wireless LAN are estimated using these scenarios. The simulation is run for one hours to obtain the graphs and from the analysis the key findings are given as below 

When the email download response time is considered it is observed that the overall download response time is more with the AODV is used as the routing protocol when compared to the other scenarios. It is observed that the minimum email download response time is incurred with the OLSR routing protocol and it was initially high and later it was reduced and a minimum download response time is incurred. When the download response time is less it indicates that there is no packet losses across the network and due to the less packet loss the email contents are downloaded at a speeder rate and when the case with DSR is considered the download response time in this case is also less when compared to AODV and more than the OLSR routing protocol. From the overall analysis it is clear that when there is more packet loss across the network the overall download response time has increased a lot and in this context OLSR is the best routing protocol to prevent the packet losses on the network and AODV has shown more packet loss on the network.

When the traffic received in bytes per second is considered it is clear that when the traffic received in bytes per second is more the overall packet loss is more due to the fact that when the traffic is more the scope to lose the traffic in terms of packets is more. In this context the traffic received is more with the OLSR routing protocol as it has the tendency to lose more packets when compared to the other ad hoc routing protocols and even the value is not constant throughout the simulation time.

AODV has a constant traffic received across the network when compared to the other two routing protocols and thus the overall packet loss is less as the traffic received is less and due to this the congestions will be less and thus the packet loss will be less when compared to other routing protocols. When the case with the DSR routing protocol is considered the overall traffic received is more and also the corresponding packet loss is also more and even the traffic received is not constant and this indicates that the packet loss is more due to the expected congestion levels on the network.

From the overall analysis it is clear that AODV can be considered as the best performing routing protocol in terms of traffic received and minimum packet loss across the wireless LAN server. It is observed that the traffic received in packets per second is more with the OLSR routing protocol and it has received more number of packets in the form of traffic flooding and due to this the chances of losing the packets are increased a lot. When the case with AODV routing protocol is considered it has shown a minimal value and thus the traffic received in packets per second has reduced a lot. Due to this process the overall congestion is decreased and also the chances for packet flooding are reduced and the overall packet loss will be less when compared to the other scenarios.

DSR has shown an optimal performance in terms of packet loosing and the losing ration is more when compared to AODV and less when compared to OLSR thus this indicates that AODV can be considered as the best routing protocol to minimize the packet looses in the network. When the traffic received in packets per second has reduced across the network the chances for packet flooding are minimized and in this context AODV has reduced the packet flooding chances and the nodes along with the wireless LAN server now can lose a minimum level of packets on the network. 

When the traffic sent in bytes per second is compared it is clear that the overall traffic sent is more with the OLSR routing protocol and even this value is not constant across the network. AODV routing protocol has shown an optimal performance levels in terms of the traffic sent in bytes per second this value is constant throughout the simulation time and this indicates that the chances of losing the packets at the node and wireless LAN server are reduced and thus the overall performance of the network in terms of packet loss is optimized on the network.

When the case with the DSR routing protocol is considered the packet loss is more on the network due to the fact the dynamic routing forming sequences are more on the network and in the process of updating the routes dynamically the packets are lost and thus from the overall analysis it is clear that the overall performance of the network has increased in terms of the packet loss due to the implementation of the AODV routing protocol. Thus even in this case the performance of the network is on the top standards at the AODV routing protocol levels. It is observed the overall traffic sent is more with the OLSR routing protocol as the OLSR has more tendency to make the mobile nodes on the network to send more traffic at a constant rate to the server and due to this all the nodes will sent continuous requests to the server.

With this the server will become busy in processing the requests of the nodes and the chances of losing the packets will be more with the OLSR routing protocol. When the case with AODV is considered it is clear that a low rate of traffic is sent and also the AODV will make the nodes to sent the routing requests to the neighboring nodes at a constant rate and this will reduce the burden on the server and thus the server can process the requests from the nodes at a constant rate and thus the overall congestion on the network is reduced a lot.

When the case with the DSR is considered the overall traffic sent is more when compared to AODV and this is due to the reason that the dynamic nature of the nodes will make the server to process all the requests at a time and the tendency to lose the packets has increased. So from the overall analysis it is clear that that AODV has shown an optimal performance in terms of packet looses against the traffic sent in packets per second. It is clear that the upload response time is more with the AODV routing protocol and this is due to the fact that the static nature of the routing protocol will consume more time to upload the content and in this process the chances to lose the packets are increased when compared to the other routing protocols like OLSR and DSR. When the case with the OLSR routing protocol is considered it has shown a minimum download response time and thus it indicates that the overall packet loss in terms of upload response time is very less when compared to the AODV and DSR routing protocol and DSR has shown an optimal performance with respect to the upload response time.

Thus from the overall analysis it is clear that when the packet loss is more on the network the upload response time has increased and in this context OLSR is proved to the best routing protocol to minimize the packet loss on the network in terms of upload response time. Thus when the Email performance metrics are considered apart from the download response time and upload response time the overall performance of the AODV is considered to be at the maximum level in terms of packet loss and with the implementation of the AODV routing protocol on the network the overall performance of the network has increased a lot. 

It is observed that the overall data drop is more with the DSR routing protocol when compared to the other routing protocols and due to the dynamic nature of the nodes and the server they will improve the tendency to lose the packets and thus the overall packet loss will more with the DSR routing protocol. When the case with the OLSR is considered it is observed that it has shown an optimal performance and the data dropped is less when compared to the DSR routing protocol and AODV has shown an optimal performance in terms of the data dropped. When the data drop on the network is less then automatically the packet loss would be low and this indicates that the AODV is the best routing protocol to reduce the packet loss on the network and the overall performance of the network can be improved a lot.

DSR has shown maximum data drop on the network and also the packet loss is more and thus few refinements should be done in this context to improve the performance of the network. It is also observed that all the routing protocols has shown a constant data drop across the network and this is due to the random mobility model chosen and AODV is the best across this simulation to optimize the packet losses. From the resultant graph of the wireless LAN delay it is observed that the overall delay on the wireless LAN server is more due to the DSR routing protocol and if the delay is more on the network it indicates that the server has loose the packets at a constant rate and due to this the corresponding delay is incurred on the network. A minimum delay is observed with the OLSR routing protocol and even AODV has shown an optimal performance in terms of delay on then network.

OLSR is proved to be the best routing protocol in this context and has imposed a very less delay on the network and due to this packet loss is also reduced a lot on the network and when the case with the AODV is considered the overall packet loss is at constant rate and at the end of the simulation it is reduced to zero and this indicates that even AODV is better to be considered when packet loss reduction is considered. Thus from the overall analysis it is clear that AODV and OLSR are proved to be the best routing protocols to be considered to reduce the delay and also the packet loss on the wireless LAN server. When the load on the network is considered it is observed that the overall load on the network is more due to the OLSR routing protocol and due to the heavy load on the network the tendency to lose the packets is increased and thus in terms of load OLSR has shown a poor performance and thus it should be optimized.

When the case with AODV is considered initially the load on the network is more and then it is reduced a lot due to the routing performance of the protocol and DSR has shown a minimum load on the network when compared to other routing protocols. This indicates that when the load on the wireless LAN server is considered the optimal packet loss is observed with the DSR routing protocol due to its dynamic nature and thus in this context DSR can be considered as the best routing protocol to reduce the load and also packet loss on the network and even the performance of AODV is also better in terms of reducing the network load and the corresponding packet loss on the network. When all the three routing protocols are considered AODV can be considered as the best one as a constant load on the network is incurred due to this routing protocol. 

When the medium access delay is considered it is clear that the overall delay is more with the DSR routing protocol and this delay is more due to the impact of the dynamic nodes on the network. In general when the nodes feel a particular route across the network to reach the destination Email server is not working then automatically they will make the medium busy to built a new route to reach the destination and due to this the medium will lose the important packets on the network and thus the packet loss is more with the DSR routing protocol. When the OLSR routing protocol is considered it is observed that there is a very minimum medium access delay on the network and due to this the packet loss is also reduced a lot and even the value is constant across the communication process. AODV has shown an optimal performance and due to this the packet losses are reduced a lot when compared to the DSR routing protocol and thus from the overall analysis it is clear that the performance of the network can be optimized against the packet looses with the implementation of OLSR and AODV routing protocols.

When the network load is considered it is clear that the load on the network is more when the nodes and the server are using the OLSR routing protocol and a minimum load is imposed by the DSR routing protocol. As the nodes and the server using the DSR routing protocol will behave in a dynamic in nature the network load is reduced a lot and thus even the packet loss is also reduced a lot with this routing protocol. When the case with the AODV routing protocol is considered even this routing protocol has shown an optimal performance in this context of network load and due to this minimum network load the packet loosing conditions are reduced and also the overall performance of the network is optimized again.

A constant network load is imposed due to the AODV routing protocol and again in this context AODV is proved to be the best performing routing protocol to reduce the network load and also optimize the packet loosing conditions where the packet loss is reduce a lot with both the AODV and DSR routing protocol. When the number of retransmission attempts is considered it is observed that a maximum retransmission attempts is shown with the DSR routing protocol and this is due to the fact that when the nodes are dynamic in nature due to the DSR routing protocol they develop the required tendency to lose the packets and thus they keep on sending the retransmission attempts to the network. When the case with the OLSR routing protocol is considered a minimum number of retransmission attempts is made and this indicates that the OLSR routing protocol is the best routing protocol to be considered to eliminate the retransmission attempts and also to reduce the packet loss on the network.

AODV has shown an optimal performance in this context and also has reduced the tendency to lose the packets at the wireless LAN server side and thus the performance of the network has improved a lot due to this routing protocol. Thus when the overall performance of the routing protocol is analyzed in the context of retransmission attempts and packet losses OLSR and AODV has shown an optimal performance all the time and this indicates that when the routing protocols are static in nature the overall packet loss on the network is reduced a lot.

From the throughput analysis it is clear that a maximum throughput is incurred with the OLSR routing protocol when compared with the AODV and DSR routing protocols. Even the throughput is constant throughout the simulation time and this indicates that the packet loss is very less at the wireless LAN server side due to the OLSR routing protocol and when the case with AODV is considered it has shown a better throughput when compared with the DSR routing protocols and also there are some variations in the curve and this indicates that the overall packet loss is optimized at the end of the simulation due to the implementation of AODV routing protocol.

When the case with DSR routing protocol is considered it is clear that the throughput is very less and this indicates that the overall packet loss is very high due the DSR routing protocol. Thus when all the performance metrics of the wireless LAN are considered it is clear that OLSR routing protocol can be considered as the best routing protocol to optimize and reduce the packet losses on the network and the next place is occupied by the AODV routing protocol. When the overall Email and Wireless LAN metrics are considered the average packet loss is reduce with the implementation of AODV routing protocol. 

Future work 

There is some scope to improve the simulation to estimate the packet loss across the network and the key future work need to be done is as given below 

• Proactive and reactive routing protocols can be considered in future to estimate the packet loss situations and also understand the best range of protocols
• Different applications can be compared in future to understand the application level analysis against the packet loss conditions.

 

Results and Analysis

Introduction

Main objective of this MS Project Dissertation is to evaluate the results obtained after running the three scenarios for one hour. As discussed in the previous chapter three scenarios are used in this simulation, where AODV is used as the routing protocol for first scenario, DSR is used as the routing protocol for second scenario and OLSR is used as the routing protocol for third scenario. Packet flow and the corresponding traffic analysis against the packet losses for the three scenarios is presented in this chapter and also the performance metrics used in the simulation process are given in the form of graphs and the resultant graphs are compared to understand the performance of the individual routing protocols and the corresponding resultant graphs are as given below 

Results of Email application performance 

It is discussed that Email application is used in this simulation and with this application the required traffic is generated. Various performance metrics of Email are used across the simulation process and all the performance metrics related to packet analysis and also the traffic analysis are considered for the performance evaluation and all these metrics are considered for three scenarios. Each and every scenario is considered and they are compared against the Email performance metrics and they are as given below 

Email Download response time in seconds 

Download response time indicates the number of packets per second used in downloading the email from the email server and in this context a single wireless LAN server is used as the email server and this time indicates the time taken to download the email from the wireless LAN server. In general the download response time indicates the performance of the individual routing protocols considered and it should be less enough to indicate a less packet loss across the network and if it is more then it indicates that the corresponding packet loss is more and it should be optimized against the routing protocol performance. The actual comparison graph of the three routing protocols considered in terms of the email download response time is as given below

Email download response time incurred for the three routing protocols is shown in the above graph. When the email download response time is considered it is observed that the overall download response time is more with the AODV is used as the routing protocol when compared to the other scenarios. It is observed that the minimum email download response time is incurred with the OLSR routing protocol and it was initially high and later it was reduced and a minimum download response time is incurred. When the download response time is less it indicates that there is no packet losses across the network and due to the less packet loss the email contents are downloaded at a speeder rate and when the case with DSR is considered the download response time in this case is also less when compared to AODV and more than the OLSR routing protocol. From the overall analysis it is clear that when there is more packet loss across the network the overall download response time has increased a lot and in this context OLSR is the best routing protocol to prevent the packet losses on the network and AODV has shown more packet loss on the network. 

Traffic received in bytes per second 

Traffic received has the major importance in analyzing the packet loss across the network and in this context the overall traffic received on the network in bytes per second is analyzed against the three routing protocols. AODV, DSR and OLSR routing protocols are analyzed in this context and they are compared in terms of traffic received in bytes per second and the corresponding results are given as below

From the above graph it is observed that maximum traffic is received with the OLSR routing protocol and the minimum traffic is received with the AODV routing protocol. When the traffic received in bytes per second is considered it is clear that when the traffic received in bytes per second is more the overall packet loss is more due to the fact that when the traffic is more the scope to lose the traffic in terms of packets is more. In this context the traffic received is more with the OLSR routing protocol as it has the tendency to lose more packets when compared to the other ad hoc routing protocols and even the value is not constant throughout the simulation time. AODV has a constant traffic received across the network when compared to the other two routing protocols and thus the overall packet loss is less as the traffic received is less and due to this the congestions will be less and thus the packet loss will be less when compared to other routing protocols. When the case with the DSR routing protocol is considered the overall traffic received is more and also the corresponding packet loss is also more and even the traffic received is not constant and this indicates that the packet loss is more due to the expected congestion levels on the network. From the overall analysis it is clear that AODV can be considered as the best performing routing protocol in terms of traffic received and minimum packet loss across the wireless LAN server. 

Traffic received in packets per second 

Traffic received in packets per second will give the exact analysis of the network in terms of packet losses and in this context the three routing protocols are evaluated. In general when the traffic received is more across the network the overall packet loss will also be more due to the reason that the overall congestion levels will be increased on the network and also the nodes and the server will be busy in processing the traffic and this leads to packet flooding. When the three scenarios are compared the corresponding packet loss situation is given in the below comparison graph

Overall traffic received in packet per second is given in the above graph for the three routing protocols. It is observed that the traffic received in packets per second is more with the OLSR routing protocol and it has received more number of packets in the form of traffic flooding and due to this the chances of losing the packets are increased a lot. When the case with AODV routing protocol is considered it has shown a minimal value and thus the traffic received in packets per second has reduced a lot. Due to this process the overall congestion is decreased and also the chances for packet flooding are reduced and the overall packet loss will be less when compared to the other scenarios. DSR has shown an optimal performance in terms of packet loosing and the losing ration is more when compared to AODV and less when compared to OLSR thus this indicates that AODV can be considered as the best routing protocol to minimize the packet looses in the network. When the traffic received in packets per second has reduced across the network the chances for packet flooding are minimized and in this context AODV has reduced the packet flooding chances and the nodes along with the wireless LAN server now can lose a minimum level of packets on the network. 

Traffic sent in bytes per second 

When the traffic sent is more, the levels of congestion on the network will be more and due to these levels the chances of losing the packets are increased. The three routing protocols considered are analyzed in terms of traffic sent in byte per second and the resultant comparison graph is given as below. When the traffic sent is constant across the network and when it is less it indicates that packet loss is less on the network due to the corresponding routing protocol and the corresponding graph is as given below

Above graph shows the comparison of the traffic sent in bytes per second for the three routing protocols. When the traffic sent in bytes per second is compared it is clear that the overall traffic sent is more with the OLSR routing protocol and even this value is not constant across the network. AODV routing protocol has shown an optimal performance levels in terms of the traffic sent in bytes per second this value is constant throughout the simulation time and this indicates that the chances of losing the packets at the node and wireless LAN server are reduced and thus the overall performance of the network in terms of packet loss is optimized on the network. When the case with the DSR routing protocol is considered the packet loss is more on the network due to the fact the dynamic routing forming sequences are more on the network and in the process of updating the routes dynamically the packets are lost and thus from the overall analysis it is clear that the overall performance of the network has increased in terms of the packet loss due to the implementation of the AODV routing protocol. Thus even in this case the performance of the network is on the top standards at the AODV routing protocol levels. 

Traffic sent in packets per second 

Traffic sent in packet per second given an idea in analyzing the packet drop on the network and in general if the packet drops on the network is more it is due to the fact the traffic sent is more in packets per second. If more traffic is sent from the nodes of the network, the overall packets transmitted to the server will more and this increases the chances to lose the packets on the network and the actual analysis of the packet loss due to the traffic sent by the three scenarios is given in the below graph

The average traffic sent in packets per second is shown in the above comparison graph. It is observed the overall traffic sent is more with the OLSR routing protocol as the OLSR has more tendency to make the mobile nodes on the network to send more traffic at a constant rate to the server and due to this all the nodes will sent continuous requests to the server. With this the server will become busy in processing the requests of the nodes and the chances of losing the packets will be more with the OLSR routing protocol. When the case with AODV is considered it is clear that a low rate of traffic is sent and also the AODV will make the nodes to sent the routing requests to the neighboring nodes at a constant rate and this will reduce the burden on the server and thus the server can process the requests from the nodes at a constant rate and thus the overall congestion on the network is reduced a lot. When the case with the DSR is considered the overall traffic sent is more when compared to AODV and this is due to the reason that the dynamic nature of the nodes will make the server to process all the requests at a time and the tendency to lose the packets has increased. So from the overall analysis it is clear that that AODV has shown an optimal performance in terms of packet looses against the traffic sent in packets per second. 

Email upload response time in seconds 

Upload response time has the crucial role to play in analyzing the packet loss on the network and in general if the upload response time is more this indicates that the packet loss is more on the network due to the routing protocol. When the three scenarios are considered in this context the to understand the overall upload response time the resultant comparison graph is as shown below 

The actual email upload response time to upload the email contents incurred by the three routing protocols is shown in the above graph. It is clear that the upload response time is more with the AODV routing protocol and this is due to the fact that the static nature of the routing protocol will consume more time to upload the content and in this process the chances to lose the packets are increased when compared to the other routing protocols like OLSR and DSR. When the case with the OLSR routing protocol is considered it has shown a minimum download response time and thus it indicates that the overall packet loss in terms of upload response time is very less when compared to the AODV and DSR routing protocol and DSR has shown an optimal performance with respect to the upload response time. Thus from the overall analysis it is clear that when the packet loss is more on the network the upload response time has increased and in this context OLSR is proved to the best routing protocol to minimize the packet loss on the network in terms of upload response time. Thus when the Email performance metrics are considered apart from the download response time and upload response time the overall performance of the AODV is considered to be at the maximum level in terms of packet loss and with the implementation of the AODV routing protocol on the network the overall performance of the network has increased a lot. 

Performance metrics of wireless LAN server 

Performance of the wireless LAN is also considered to understand the packet losses due to the server aspects and few metrics are considered in this context. All the three routing protocols are analyzed against these metrics and based on the simulation run the results are analyzed in this section and the comparison graphs are given as below 

Data dropped due to buffer overflow 

Buffer overflow is one of the important reasons to lose the packets as the data will be dropped and due to this the performance of the network will be degraded. When the three scenarios are compared against the data dropped due to the buffer overflow the resultant graph is as shown below. In general if the data dropped is more then it indicates that the packet loss is more on the network and the actual performance of the AODV, DSR and OLSR is given in the below graph

The average data dropped across the wireless LAN due to the buffer overflow is as shown in the above screen. It is observed that the overall data drop is more with the DSR routing protocol when compared to the other routing protocols and due to the dynamic nature of the nodes and the server they will improve the tendency to lose the packets and thus the overall packet loss will more with the DSR routing protocol. When the case with the OLSR is considered it is observed that it has shown an optimal performance and the data dropped is less when compared to the DSR routing protocol and AODV has shown an optimal performance in terms of the data dropped. When the data drop on the network is less then automatically the packet loss would be low and this indicates that the AODV is the best routing protocol to reduce the packet loss on the network and the overall performance of the network can be improved a lot. DSR has shown maximum data drop on the network and also the packet loss is more and thus few refinements should be done in this context to improve the performance of the network. It is also observed that all the routing protocols has shown a constant data drop across the network and this is due to the random mobility model chosen and AODV is the best across this simulation to optimize the packet losses. 

Wireless LAN delay in seconds 

Wireless LAN delay is considered to be the important metrics in analyzing the performance of the overall network in terms of packet loss. In general if the delay is more on the network then it indicates that the performance of the network degraded due to the more packet loss and in this context the three scenarios are considered and analyzed and the resultant comparison graph is as shown below

Wireless LAN delay across the network due to three routing protocols is shown in the above graph. From the resultant graph of the wireless LAN delay it is observed that the overall delay on the wireless LAN server is more due to the DSR routing protocol and if the delay is more on the network it indicates that the server has loose the packets at a constant rate and due to this the corresponding delay is incurred on the network. A minimum delay is observed with the OLSR routing protocol and even AODV has shown an optimal performance in terms of delay on then network. OLSR is proved to be the best routing protocol in this context and has imposed a very less delay on the network and due to this packet loss is also reduced a lot on the network and when the case with the AODV is considered the overall packet loss is at constant rate and at the end of the simulation it is reduced to zero and this indicates that even AODV is better to be considered when packet loss reduction is considered. Thus from the overall analysis it is clear that AODV and OLSR are proved to be the best routing protocols to be considered to reduce the delay and also the packet loss on the wireless LAN server. 

Load on the wireless LAN server 

In general the load on the wireless LAN server will indicate the overall packet loss on the network and if the load on the network is more then automatically the packet loss will more as the load on the network will lose the communication and data packets across the network. Three routing protocols like AODV, DSR and OLSR are considered for comparison for analyzing the load on the network and the resultant comparison graph is as shown below

When the load on the network is considered it is observed that the overall load on the network is more due to the OLSR routing protocol and due to the heavy load on the network the tendency to lose the packets is increased and thus in terms of load OLSR has shown a poor performance and thus it should be optimized. When the case with AODV is considered initially the load on the network is more and then it is reduced a lot due to the routing performance of the protocol and DSR has shown a minimum load on the network when compared to other routing protocols. This indicates that when the load on the wireless LAN server is considered the optimal packet loss is observed with the DSR routing protocol due to its dynamic nature and thus in this context DSR can be considered as the best routing protocol to reduce the load and also packet loss on the network and even the performance of AODV is also better in terms of reducing the network load and the corresponding packet loss on the network. When all the three routing protocols are considered AODV can be considered as the best one as a constant load on the network is incurred due to this routing protocol. 

Wireless LAN medium access delay in seconds 

Wireless LAN medium access delay is the actual delay occurred across the medium of communication and as wireless is the medium used for this communication this delay plays an important role in estimating the overall impact on the packet loss situations. For this purpose the three routing protocols considered are analyzed and compared in terms of their role in providing the medium access delay and the corresponding comparison graph is as shown below

The average medium access delay on the wireless LAN server due to the three routing protocol is shown in the above screen. When the medium access delay is considered it is clear that the overall delay is more with the DSR routing protocol and this delay is more due to the impact of the dynamic nodes on the network. In general when the nodes feel a particular route across the network to reach the destination Email server is not working then automatically they will make the medium busy to built a new route to reach the destination and due to this the medium will lose the important packets on the network and thus the packet loss is more with the DSR routing protocol. When the OLSR routing protocol is considered it is observed that there is a very minimum medium access delay on the network and due to this the packet loss is also reduced a lot and even the value is constant across the communication process. AODV has shown an optimal performance and due to this the packet losses are reduced a lot when compared to the DSR routing protocol and thus from the overall analysis it is clear that the performance of the network can be optimized against the packet looses with the implementation of OLSR and AODV routing protocols. 

Wireless LAN network load 

Wireless LAN network load can be considered as the important performance metrics to estimate the overall performance of the network in terms of load and also the related packet loss due to this network load. In general if the network load on the network is more it indicates that the packet loss is also more and in this context the performance of the three routing protocols is considered and the resultant comparison graph is as shown below 

The average wireless LAN network load imposed due to the three routing protocols is shown in the above screen. When the network load is considered it is clear that the load on the network is more when the nodes and the server are using the OLSR routing protocol and a minimum load is imposed by the DSR routing protocol. As the nodes and the server using the DSR routing protocol will behave in a dynamic in nature the network load is reduced a lot and thus even the packet loss is also reduced a lot with this routing protocol. When the case with the AODV routing protocol is considered even this routing protocol has shown an optimal performance in this context of network load and due to this minimum network load the packet loosing conditions are reduced and also the overall performance of the network is optimized again. A constant network load is imposed due to the AODV routing protocol and again in this context AODV is proved to be the best performing routing protocol to reduce the network load and also optimize the packet loosing conditions where the packet loss is reduce a lot with both the AODV and DSR routing protocol. 

Retransmission attempts in packets 

The number of retransmission attempts on the network will indicates the packet loss directly as if the packets are lost across the routing process then automatically the nodes will make the retransmission attempts to reach the Email destination server. All the three routing protocols considered are compared in this context and the resultant comparison graph is as shown below

The overall performance of the routing protocols in terms of the retransmission attempts is shown in the above graph. When the number of retransmission attempts is considered it is observed that a maximum retransmission attempts is shown with the DSR routing protocol and this is due to the fact that when the nodes are dynamic in nature due to the DSR routing protocol they develop the required tendency to lose the packets and thus they keep on sending the retransmission attempts to the network. When the case with the OLSR routing protocol is considered a minimum number of retransmission attempts is made and this indicates that the OLSR routing protocol is the best routing protocol to be considered to eliminate the retransmission attempts and also to reduce the packet loss on the network. AODV has shown an optimal performance in this context and also has reduced the tendency to lose the packets at the wireless LAN server side and thus the performance of the network has improved a lot due to this routing protocol. Thus when the overall performance of the routing protocol is analyzed in the context of retransmission attempts and packet losses OLSR and AODV has shown an optimal performance all the time and this indicates that when the routing protocols are static in nature the overall packet loss on the network is reduced a lot. 

Throughput 

Throughput has a significant role to play in estimating the performance of the network in terms of the throughput and in general if the throughput is more then it indicates that the packet loss on the network is reduced a lot and in this process the three routing protocols considered are compared and the resultant comparison graph is as shown below 

The average throughput occurred with the three routing protocols is shown in the above comparison graph. From the throughput analysis it is clear that a maximum throughput is incurred with the OLSR routing protocol when compared with the AODV and DSR routing protocols. Even the throughput is constant throughout the simulation time and this indicates that the packet loss is very less at the wireless LAN server side due to the OLSR routing protocol and when the case with AODV is considered it has shown a better throughput when compared with the DSR routing protocols and also there are some variations in the curve and this indicates that the overall packet loss is optimized at the end of the simulation due to the implementation of AODV routing protocol. When the case with DSR routing protocol is considered it is clear that the throughput is very less and this indicates that the overall packet loss is very high due the DSR routing protocol. Thus when all the performance metrics of the wireless LAN are considered it is clear that OLSR routing protocol can be considered as the best routing protocol to optimize and reduce the packet losses on the network and the next place is occupied by the AODV routing protocol. When the overall Email and Wireless LAN metrics are considered the average packet loss is reduce with the implementation of AODV routing protocol. 

Summary of results 

As the main aim of this simulation is to estimate the packet loss situations on the wireless, three scenarios are considered like AODV, OLSR and DSR and their performance against the packet losses are analyzed. Email application is used to generate the traffic on the network and from the analysis of the traffic patterns the corresponding packets are also analyzed. Few email metrics like download response time, upload response time, traffic sent and traffic received are analyzed against the packet loss from the overall analysis of the results it is clear the OLSR has shown an optimal performance in terms of packet loss at the upload and download response time. When the packets loss is estimated against the traffic sent and traffic received are analyzed the packet loss is very less with the AODV routing protocol and thus it indicates that the overall performance of AODV is more to reduce the packet loss against the email application. When the wireless LAN server metrics are considered the performance of both AODV and OLSR at the optimal levels in every aspect considered and also the OLSR has shown an optimal performance in terms of delay, medium access delay, load, network load, throughput and retransmission attempts and the AODV has shown the required performance to reduce the packet loss at the wireless LAN server side. 

Design and simulation procedure 

Introduction

Method followed to create the simulation for this project is given in this chapter and in general there are different steps involved in the simulation process and all these steps are discussed with the corresponding screens in this chapter. As the main aim of this project is to estimate the packet losses across the MANETs under the guidance of different routing protocols three scenarios are created. AODV is used for routing across the first scenario; DSR is used for routing in the second scenario and OLSR is used as the routing protocol for third scenario. Required applications are added to the simulation generate the traffic and from this traffic the actual packet losses are estimated and against the routing protocols and the simulation procedure followed is as given below

 Simulation steps implemented in creating scenario one: AODV routing protocol 

AODV is used as the routing protocol in the first scenario and 20 mobile nodes are used in this simulation to generate the traffic. Performance of AODV is estimated in this simulation against the packet losses and for this purpose a simple MANET model is constructed with 20 mobile nodes and the wireless LAN server. The steps followed in creating the first scenario are explained in this section as below 

Steps in forming the basic network 

MANET is the basic network is used in this project and to estimate the performance of AODV against the packet losses and for this purpose few steps need to be followed in creating the basic network. As discussed 20 mobile nodes are used for the simulation and a single wireless LAN server is also used for setting the traffic on the network and following steps need to be adopted in creating the basic network 

• Open the OPNET modeler simulation tool and select the new file option to create a new project
• Set the project name and also the scenario name to create a new project and a new scenario
• Chose the option create an empty scenario such that a blank scenario is created where the OPNET modeler can be used to load the default scenarios that were inbuilt in the network
• Different options are available in choosing the type of topology and in this simulation a simple campus network is chosen to act as the required topology.
• Now the size of the campus need to be set and in this simulation the size of the campus is set to 1500 X 1500 square meters
• A new network model family is required and for this simulation purpose the network model family used is MANET and this can be chosen from the list of models and the option yes is chosen against the MANET network to set MANET as the basic network in this simulation. With these steps the required basic network is created and now the next step is to use different objects from the object palette and the actual objects used in this simulation process are given in the below points
• 20 wireless LAN mobile workstations are used as the required mobile nodes and these nodes now act as the source for generating the traffic where the real packet analysis is done
• A single fixed wireless LAN server is also used to act as the respective application destination and this server will server all the 20 mobile nodes
• As the main aim of this project is to estimate the packet losses across the MANET, a source of traffic is required and in this context an application is required. In general an application configuration is used to create the application and this application will generate the traffic required for analyzing the packet losses.
• A profile definition is also created for the application created and this profile is created by using the profile configuration node and it can be dragged from the object palette.
• Setting up the mobility to the nodes on the simulation is the important step to be implemented and this mobility can be set using the mobile configuration object that was available with the object palette and with this process the complete setup of basic network is done and when these objects are created the first scenario will be created as shown below in the screenshot

From the above screen it is clear that a total of 20 mobile nodes ranging from mobile_node_0 to mobile_node_19 created and in this context a single wireless LAN server is also used to set the traffic definitions. Application configuration, mobile configuration and profile configuration are used set the required definitions respectively. Application configuration settings is the next step in the simulation and the process followed in this context is as given below 

Defining the application configuration settings 

An application is required all the time to set the desired levels of traffic on the network and in general the traffic sent or traffic received across the network mainly depends on the type of application chosen. In general there are different types of applications that can be used across the OPNET modeler simulation and in this simulation Email is used as the application to generate the required FTP traffic and this traffic is now used to analyze the packet sequences on the network. Following steps need to be implemented to analyze the application definition process and they are as listed below 

• Right click on the application definitions object to edit the required attributes
• A separate application definitions tab is available and in this section add the required number of rows such that each row represents a single application
• In this simulation a single application is used and thus a single row is created
• Name of the application is given as Email and in the description section email is selected for the application
• Medium load is selected for the application and the corresponding screenshot is as given below

A medium load email application is used in this scenario such that FTP traffic is generated on the network and once the application is selected, OK button is clicked to apply the settings. With this step the required application definitions are done and the next step is to create the corresponding profile definitions and it is explained as below.

Defining the profile configuration settings 

Defining the profile configuration settings is the next step in the simulation and profile definitions are required to process the application requests from the mobile nodes and the server and also the traffic generated will be dependent on the profile definitions created. The steps need to be followed in creating the profile definitions is given below 

• Profile configuration node is edited to define the profiles and this can be done using the right click option
• Number of rows are added to the profile definitions and a single row is added in this context to support the single application created in the previous section
• Few definitions of the profiles like start time and end time are also set and the corresponding screenshot is as shown below 

From the above screen it is clear that email application is used to set the email profile against the single row created for the profile definitions. Start time offset is set to constant value of 100 seconds and the duration of the profile is set to end of the profile. Once the profile definitions are done the actual node level and server settings need to be done and they are explained as below. 

 Node and server level settings done 

Node and server level settings are required to set and define the traffic and packet analysis against these nodes and the detailed configuration followed in this context is as explained in this section. As mentioned there are 20 mobile nodes and a single wireless LAN server, these nodes should be configured and set against the traffic analysis and packet analysis and first step in this context is that setting IP address to all the nodes and the corresponding procedure followed is explained as below 

• Choose all the mobile nodes and the wireless LAN server
• Go to Protocols menu -à ApplicationsàIP
• From IP choose the option Auto assign IPV4 addresses and with this all the selected nodes and the wireless LAN server will be assigned with the corresponding IPV4 addresses and the respective screenshot is as shown below

Auto assign IPV4 addresses is the actual option chosen in this process and this IPV4 address are assigned to all the mobile nodes and the wireless LAN server as shown in the above screenshot. Next step in setting the configuration for mobile nodes and server is that to add the required routing protocol. As mentioned in the previous section, AODV is added as the desired routing protocol and this protocol is applied to all the mobile nodes and the wireless LAN server and the corresponding steps need to be followed are as given below 

• Setting up the routing protocol option is available with the node level or server level attributes and for this purpose all the mobile nodes and the wireless LAN server are selected
• Any one of the node or the server is selected and opened in the edit mode by right clicking on the node
• In the edit mode the attribute like ad hoc routing protocol is available and this will display a list of routing protocols to the users and from this list AODV is used for this scenario and the corresponding screen is as shown below

AODV is selected from the list of routing protocols available as shown in the above screen and with this selection now all the nodes and the server will serve against the AODV routing protocol by checking the option apply to selected objects as shown in the above screen. When the routing protocol is ready to serve the traffic and packet patterns against the routing parameters, now these nodes and server should be set against the application and profile definitions and the corresponding procedure is as shown below. Application level settings to the nodes and the server can be done in either or two ways and the first procedure is given as below 

• All the mobile nodes are selected from the simulation network and any one of the node is selected and edited to define the applications
• At the node level attributes there is an option like Application destination preferences and now this tab is expanded to define the required application.
• Number of rows is given as one as all the nodes need to support the single Email application created and the corresponding screen is as given below

Application destination preferences is set to one rows and then the Email application is selected for this row and the symbolic server name is given as email server such that this server will generate the required TCP traffic and the corresponding packets across the network.  Apart from the destination preferences now the application supported profiles are also set and in this context a single row is added to the section application supported profiles and Email profile is selected for this row as shown in the above screen. With this the node level application and profile definitions are applied to all the mobile nodes and the procedure followed to apply the same for wireless LAN server is given below

• Select the wireless LAN server from the network and open it in the edit mode
• There is an option like application supported profiles and expand this option to edit the profile settings for the wireless LAN server and the corresponding screen is as shown below

From this screen it can be observed that email profile is selected as the application supported profile and the corresponding description is set to supported as shown above and with this step now the wireless LAN server is also ready to support the discrete traffic generated from the Email profile and also the server can handle the packets and the corresponding traffic. Another method to apply the application and profile settings for the mobile nodes and the wireless LAN server and this process is known as deployment and the steps need to be implemented in this context are as given below 

• Go to protocols menuàApplicationsàDeploy defined applications
• Then a new window is displayed to the users and the deployment can be done at this level
• All the mobile nodes are submitted to the source side and the wireless LAN server is submitted to the destination side and the corresponding screens are given below

Deploy defined applications is the actual option selected at this level and for this purpose the applications menu from the protocols menu is selected as shown in the above screen. A new window is opened to proceed with the application deployment and the corresponding screen is as shown below

From this screen it can be observed that all the mobile nodes are submitted for the source node of the Email profile and the server is submitted for the destination of the email profile and with this step the deployment is done and the respective consistency of the deployment can also be checked at this new window level. A success message like consistency check pass is displayed to the users if the deployment is done in a right manner. With this the corresponding email application and email profile are applied to the 20 mobile nodes and the single wireless LAN server. 

Setting the mobile definitions to the nodes 

As the main aim of this project is to evaluate the packet losses across the network, the nodes used in the simulation should be set against few mobility patterns and in general this mobility to the nodes can be added using the mobile configuration objects. Mobility will define the direction, source, destination and speed for the mobile nodes and thus always the mobility is required in this context. Following steps need to be followed to set the mobility to the mobile nodes 

• Edit the mobile configuration object by right clicking on the object
• There few options are available and from those options chose the option random mobility profiles
• Now expand the option default random waypoint tab to set this as the required mobility model to the nodes and the corresponding screenshot is as given below

Random waypoint parameters are set in this process and from the above screen it is clear that the speed of the mobile nodes is set to a constant value of 50, pause time is set to a constant value of 0 seconds and start time of the mobile nodes is repeated for every 10 seconds. Stop time of the simulation is set to end of simulation as shown in the above screen. Once the mobility profile is ready this should be applied to all the mobile nodes and this can be done by choosing the option set mobility option from the topology menu and this screen is shown as below 

Set mobility profile is chosen from the random mobility menu from the topology menu as shown in the above screen. From this all the mobile nodes are assigned with the default random waypoint mobility and thus now the nodes can move randomly to process the traffic and the corresponding packets delivered to the destination side. With this setting up the mobility patterns to the network nodes is done and the next step in the simulation is to define the performance DES metrics and the process followed is given as below 

Setting up the DES metrics for performance evaluation 

Analysis the packet losses across the network are the main aim of this project and for this analysis the DES metrics should be chosen and applied for the scenarios. Following steps need to be followed in setting up the DES metrics 

• Right click on the simulation environment and chose the option like Choose Individual DES statistics
• With this step a new window is opened where three options like global, link and node level are available and they can be chosen to evaluate the performance of the network
• Global level attributes are chosen in this simulation and the corresponding screens are as shown below 

From the above screen it is clear that Choose Individual DES statistics option is selected to the set the performance metrics and the corresponding screen displayed after this step is as shown below 

Email performance across the network against the traffic and packet sequences and following are the actual performance metrics used in this context and they are listed as below 

• Download response time in seconds
• Traffic received in bytes per sec
• Traffic received in packets per sec
• Traffic sent in bytes per sec
• Traffic sent in packets per sec
• Upload response time 

Apart from the Email, the wireless LAN metrics are also used and they are as listed below 

• Data dropped due to buffer overflow
• Data dropped due to retry threshold exceed limit
• Delay
• Load
• Medium access delay
• Network load
• Retransmission attempts
• Throughput 

Once the required performance metrics for Email application and wireless LAN server the simulation of first scenario is done and even for the second and third scenario similar metrics are used and the actual simulation methodology implemented in this context is as given below

Simulation of Second scenario: DSR 

Simulation of the second scenario is same as the first scenario and the routing protocol set for the mobile nodes and the server is changed. Following steps need to be followed to change the routing protocol in this scenario 

• All the mobile nodes and the server is chosen from the simulation environment
• Any one of the mobile node is selected and edited at the attributes level
• Go to the ad hoc routing protocols menu and change the routing protocol to DSR, where initially there is AODV from the first scenario and the corresponding screen is as shown below 

From above screen it can be observed the AODV routing protocol is changed to DSR routing protocol and the third scenario is explained in the below section.

Simulation of third scenario: OLSR 

Second scenario is duplicated and the routing protocol is changed to OLSR across this scenario and the corresponding screenshot is as shown below 

OLSR is chosen as the required routing protocol for this scenario as shown in the above screen. With this step the simulation of three scenarios is done and next step is to run the simulations against the simulation time. All the three scenarios are run for 1 hour to achieve the results and they are explained in the next chapter. 

The performance of TCP across dynamic source routing (DSR)

Actually speaking the mobility nodes which are routed towards MANET’S will communicate with the help of radio frequency and fixed infrastructure which is not made in particular scenario these both play crucial roles.In these days many case studies are done on the routing capacity of the particular MANETs but still the research is done since high mobility and route vitality are the two parameters which should be taken care.

The efficiency of the TCP with respect to MANETs is well thought-out as main problem compared to others and it is noticed that the efficiency of the TCP is EVERYTIME los across the surroundings few networks like MANETS while matching them along with various  networks. There are many answers to this type of problems or scenarios the first solution is to give the warning and prefer the coaching to the TCP in order to bypass the various types of the packet leakages but not to urge the request to block the regular controls making the scenario a minimum packet lose.

Due to this the efficiency of the TCP could be safe and the errors due to this packet losses could be easily minimized the other popular method is to enlarge or modify the efficiency of the TCP is to accumulate the job description to manage or to keep an eye on the packet missing in the line of routing program instead than arguing for the regular routines that is from TCP and by producing the process the performance of the TCP can be easily started.

The dynamic source routing protocol (DSR)

Source routing is the methodology in which the dynamic source routing is mainly built. The route discovery process is entirely varies from the present routing protocols as it is developed based on these concerned protocols. The un-static data is processed as to minimize the messages including brand promotions of the time period routing.

The routes are selected based on the type whether it is static or dynamic by seeing the cache information which can be utilized and another method is routing data which is gathered by request usages of the particular sources in the form broadcasting around the entire networks. The first step which we lay is the methodology of routing that host will decide the entire information regarding the mobile nodes available these are sent through the packets and the particular information is noticed which is registered on the packet head before the starting of original routing is done.

One of the important advantage is this routing data is connected to the routing which is saved in the medium nodes and these are not included more over the important information for the entire process is defended on the packet’s head utilizing these protocols the advertisements linked with the time period route need not be included and the whole control will be minimized. The common function of the DSR is separated into two vivid ways they are Route maintenance and Route discovery these are given in detail below:

The route discovery process

Route discovery process is very essential as all the available numbers of routing protocols which are there in MANET are following this process. The DSR will detect the present route which is forwarded to the target it does this from initial that is needed for the packets to be processed. In the whole situation it is noted and taken as the still existing route then the packets are telecasted to the destination by utilizing the same route and the contact process. If the host cannot detect the present type of route, immediately the DSR will send the request for the nodes for the need of authenticated route.

Actually the request from the route is transferred as the packet which is known as the RREQ-route request packet for that concerned packet is transferred for the entire nodes which are given in the existing network. The important characteristics like source as well as target IP address are handled by this particular RREQ in the only one id that is given by the host. In the whole situation if the particular node detects the router is not genuine request then it ultimately responses all the unwanted and also validate the entire things as if they belongs to the needed target or not.

The unicast function which makes the situations complicate for forwarding the RREP texts to the host instead transferring the message by terminating the entire network. Including the process of transferring the process and capable of doing the unicast function the total nodes are efficient of updating the route as well as the cache operation is done.

The Route maintenance process

The main purpose of this process is to validate the existing status of the topology as it takes the diversion towards the network so that this process can be better useful. We can notice that the nodes mobility is more for MANETs this lead to the variations in the topology and moreover the variations of the route are saved in the cache memory with the help of nodes. The deflections should be identified as the connections starting from one node to different nodes of the hops as each node and mainly various types of the certain standards incase for acquiring the whole function.

Since there is necessity to identify the connection failures with the routes the DSR will make use of the process for unwanted signals. In the whole process from the host moves the packets to the target and the medium nodes will identify the problems of link relations of nodes that are adjacent then within the next second it will give the error packet named RERR through the host node .