Microcontroller Based Multiple Device Control Based On Input Frequency Project Abstract

This paper addresses a new technology in the field of control systems; due vast expansion of Embedded Systems in the development of control systems had made the modern controlling techniques simpler, embedded systems are the auxiliary system which is closely related to the original system either directly or indirectly connected to the main system, these embedded systems uses a micro computer or an micro processor, meeting the immense computing needs to perform the  tasks efficiently at a minimum cost, various controlling strategies were implemented without direct involvement of humans.

In our project a micro controller based multiple device control systems using single switch, these microcontroller had found multiple applications in the fields of security, medical sciences,  determining whether conditions,

 In our project 12v supply is derived from 230v supply by using a transformer,  this 12v output is converted into pulsating dc by using an bridge rectifier and feed to the filter this filter removes the unwanted  ripple content and produced 5v constant DC voltage.  

This rectified DC current is feed to the micro controller and then to potentiometer, this output of the potentiometer is given to the analog to digital converter of the PIC16F872 microcontroller which had capability to perform controlling operations on nearly 256 devices at a time.

The LCD devices operate based on the relay circuit on and off positions, the entire 256 devices are divided into four parts and hence the output terminals are 64 starting from 0-63,  a crystal oscillator is used generate control signals for the microprocessor, along with the control button used to represent the on and off conditions of the device.

When compared to conventional manual operations this microcontroller based control strategies are very useful in maintaining accuracy, saving time and man power, these devices are cheaper and highly reliable with less complexity.

The practical calculations had revealed that this circuit can control multiple devices at a time without the scope of errors and malfunctions 

Download  Microcontroller Based Multiple Device Control Based On Input Frequency Project Abstract.

Microcontroller Based Home Security System ECE Project Report

Introduction to Microcontroller Based Home Security System Project:

Microcontroller based home security system is a new revolutionary concept which is attracting everyone’s attention in recent times. With an intent to provide security right from household purpose to small, medium, large scale industries including  security  in  military organizations.

This paper address a new technology that had numerous applications in the field of security, these devices operate automatically due the interruption caused in the path followed by the infra red rays.  Having an ideology to protect our houses and valuables we implemented this concept in this the transmitter emits infra red radiations continuously to the receiver section whenever there is an interruption in the IR radiation the relay senses it passes signal to the  micro controller, the micro controller operates the siren blows.

The alignment of transmitter and receiver are such that the IR rays directly falls on to the phototransistor LI4GI which is placed on the receiver, the obtained signal is amplified by the operational amplifier µA741followed by the receiver, the micro controller used in this circuit which is the heart of this system  is an low power, high performance AT89C51 CMOS 8-bit microcontroller along with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) capable of producing accurate timing pulses operates under mono stable condition.

In this circuit NE555 IC is used to achieve High Current Drive Capability, Duty Cycle adjustments with temperature stability of 0.005% per every centigrade. The switching section consists of a relay operated at 12v for this purpose BC547 transistor is used as a driver. From overall considerations it is quite different from ordinary conventional security systems with are operated manually.

These security devices are highly applicable in defense areas, security zones like research laboratories and scientific installations, the only disadvantage is that it operates in the presence of electricity an alternate power supply must be always ready will these security systems while  operating.

Download  Microcontroller Based Home Security System ECE Project Report.

ECE Minor Project Report on Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm

In this paper we implemented Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm System with intent to save time for the busy and energy for senior citizens, in this busy world technology is providing comforts to mankind in many ways from tip to toe, in our project an automatic LED is switched on whenever there is darkness in the room for this we provide an sensor called light dependent resistor (LDR), which senses the variations in the surrounding light, whenever there is enough light this LDR offers high resistance at the terminals of the LED, when there is enough darkness  this LDR behaves as an low resistance path and the LED switched ON.

This system provided with an alarm if necessary when it detects the sunlight, This LDR operates as a biasing resistor in between the electric supply and light, the transistor acts as a relay switch, this kit operates at 12v/750mA, for this we need to step down the supply voltage to 12v by using a step down transformer, along with the bridge rectifier to produce rectified 12v dc output, in order to maintain better voltage regulation an voltage regulator is provided across the circuit,  the various components used in our circuit are  the integrated circuits IC 7806,IC NE555,UM66, BC 548 Transistor  switch,  various Diodes IN4007, IN4001, Resistors of 1K,150K,120K,220Ω,580Ω,560Ω, Capacitors 1000µF,0.01µF, along with an 9V battery supply.

The components assembly and there functions characteristics are elaborated in the circuit explanation section, in the room. This LED serves as a bed lamp and in the morning the LED switches itself OFF and alarm sounds to wake the user. This alarm can be manually operated. 

 Our Automatic Night Lamp system is highly sensitive; Works in accordance with light intensity, minimum cost and maximum reliable, based up on the requirement this circuit can also operated manually due to the above advantages these circuits finding applications in residential, small scale industries, street lightning.

Download  ECE Minor Project Report on Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm.

Micrcotroller Based Semiconductor Tap Changer for Power Transformer Project Report

This paper  addresses a new technology in maintaining power quality in electrical transmission and distribution it is an common concern for both generation grids and consumer to maintain standards in power quality, it is not an easy task to regulate the power flow on the secondary side of an distribution transformer when it is connected to an varying load, our project provides an sample model on micro controller based on-load tap changer for an power transformer in order to regulate the power flow under faulty conditions like over voltages, under voltages, voltage dips, voltage sags, induced harmonics.

The objective is to provide constant output voltage irrespective of load changes at the output terminals by using a tap changer; in order to overcome the present drawbacks of the manual tap changer having less operational speed with minimum accuracy, overheating, producing noise and arcs at the contact terminals,  the entire operation is controlled by the micro processor  automatically by sensing the load variations  and acts up on the situation by varying output contact terminal i.e. tap changing, an CMOS 8-bit, high performance, low power AT89C52 microcontroller with 8K bytes EPROM is used in this circuit as  logical central process control which process the input signal and produce an appropriate  output signal based on the programming that is stored in the RAM  of the micro processor, A/D Converter with 8-Channel Multiplexer is provide information regarding the varying parameters these parameters are displayed on the LCD screen at the output section.

The pin configuration with its performance characteristics are discussed below.

This sample circuit is tested and the practical results shows the capability of this device in eliminating the drawbacks of the conventional tap changing methods, and also improves the life time of the contact terminals, the response time is very less it is nearly 0.44s, it maintains constant output voltage in accordance to varying load by regulating the positions of the contact terminal, this device requires minimum maintenance and it is economical.

Download  Micrcotroller Based Semiconductor Tap Changer for Power Transformer Project Report.

Real Time Monitoring of High Capacity (400kva-600kva)Battery Back Up System Project Report

The design and implementation of a microcontroller-based power monitoring system is presented I this paper, the objective of this project is to provide the user in monitoring the varying electrical parameters like voltage, frequency, current at various locations the entire  electrical or electronic system, these  power monitoring systems are  designed for controlling heavy industrial equipments, our latest technology gives an complete information on power analysis like  determining the power consumption rates , power fluctuations, harmonic interference, and flickering effects in the electrical systems. In this project an 80C31 microcontroller is used to control this monitoring system.

The micro controller is like a computer on chip, can performs various operations those are performed by an conventional CPU, the micro controller operates based on bit handling instructions, this system comprises of an analog multiplexer with 8 input terminals, analog to digital converter is used with EPROM, RAM and display unit.

An 8-bit analog signal is feed to the analog multiplexer from multiplexer to A/D converter where it is converted into digital form, the micro controller controls the operations based on the program initialized in the EPROM, here the EPROM acts an storage device which is auxiliary to the RAM, we use the LCD for displaying the converted digital information driven by the supply through mains,  the supply from mains is step down into 9v ac by using an  step down transformer and converted into 5v dc using abridge rectifier, in order to minimize the load fluctuations a regulator IC 7805 is used to provide a constant 5V dc  voltage,  our circuit can monitor the power utilities to a range 400KVA  to 600KVA.

The circuit assembly with their pin configurations is clearly explained in the below sections, apart from the high cost of LCD’s this device had several advantages, it is an effective monitoring system available in present market, this system not only controls the varying parameters in the electrical circuit but also it forecasts the future upcoming consequences based up on the present values.  It is robust, reliable and highly efficient than other monitoring systems.

Download  Real Time Monitoring of High Capacity (400kva-600kva)Battery Back Up System Project Report.

ECE Minor Project Report on Design Of Cmut Using Comsol And Coventerware

Introduction to Design Of Cmut Using Comsol And Coventerware Minor Project:

This paper presents about the designing and modeling of Capacitive Micro machined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) using Micro electro- mechanical systems (MEMS) software, converter ware. The origin of these Micro electro- mechanical systems came through the advancement of nanotechnologies, in the field of bio technology and communications.

These are formed by the integration of electronic and mechanical components on the single chip; these devices are cost effective with low power consumption, and better performance in terms of accuracy and efficiency, MEMS does not stand for a single application or a single device these have advantages of miniaturization, and multiple devices are designed and constructed on a single integrated electro-mechanical system. These micro machines are made up of components between. 0.001 to 0.1 mm and these MEMS devices generally vary in size from 20 micro meters to 1mm.

The fabrication of MEMS was detail explained in the coming sections, while coming to CMUT, CMUT is an array of elements which is used to generate and for detection of ultrasonic waves.

CMUT is a parallel plate capacitor with two electrodes one is a movable metalized electrode and the other fixed substrate electrode the medium between these dielectric, the CMUT is operated in two operational modes one transmitter mode to generate the ultrasonic waves the and the other is receiver mode for detecting the wave radiations, these MEMS find applications in Communications Satellites, Healthcare¸ Automotive, vibration sensors, Light reflectors, Accelerometers (for airbags, pacemakers) in auto mobile industry.

MEMS gyroscope used in navigational system maintains greater accuracy than any other, these devices have greater functionality in mechanical components,  implementing these IC technology in mechanical systems had became a new dimension in the field of manufacturing technology ,these system are rooted into the modern Aerospace technology and  biotechnology. Implementing Finite element analysis in MEMS we can attain high rates in simulation, prototyping, and testing multiple devices.

Download  ECE Minor Project Report on Design Of Cmut Using Comsol And Coventerware.

Microcontroller Based Anesthesia Injector Electronics Project Report

Automatic anesthesia injector (AAI), is an virtual reality system creating new dimensions the field of medical sciences, in our project we implemented an micro controller based automatic anesthesia injector system, operates under the supervision of the 8051 micro controller .

which acts as an processing unit for the entire system, in this computer simulated environment everything is controlled by the artificial devices without any manual operations.

In order to control pain and stress for the patient undergoing surgery anesthesia plays a vital role. In recent times due rapid advancement of embedded systems in real time computing, having ability to control many devices at a time, these embebdded systems paved path to the invention of micro controller, this micro controller is a real time operating system can read data and can perform various calculations based on the varying conditions, it consists of  memory device in which the entire program is stored to perform various tasks, this integrated single chip consists every parts of an controller on it,  this painkilling anesthesia is to be properly injected in to the patient’s body based upon the requirement any variations in the content of dose may leads to emergency condition.

In order to replace this conventional manual operations in injecting anesthesia we implemented a new concept to regulate the  levels of anesthesia based on the conditions, our project we use different components for different operations, to measure the temperature variations we used a n  Temperature Sensor , a respiration sensor is provided to sense the respiration conditions, to measure the rate of the heart beat an Heart Beat sensor is used, a stepper motor is used for the angular movements of the infusion pump this entire operations are controlled by the micro controller, an analog to digital convert is provided at the output of the system to understand the internal  conditions of the patient.

This Automatic anesthesia injector proved to be very successful when compared to ordinary ECG’s promoting comfortable surgeries with minimum amount of risk, high efficiency.

Download  Microcontroller Based Anesthesia Injector Electronics Project Report.

ECE Minor Project Report on Modern Security System With Message Transmitter

Introduction to Modern Security System With Message Transmitter Project:

“Prevention is better than cure” this notation not only applicable for medical sciences, but also in security aspects. We need to protect our valuables every man had right to ownership for his belongings, keeping this in mind we implemented a new modern security system with message transmitter, this paper discuss detail phenomenon of this security device.

The main objective of this paper is to provide reliable security in major theft prone areas like banks, business complexes, houses, national treasures and museums,  this system uses the infra red sensors also called as optical sensors which had an infra red LED,  emits continuous beam of rays under normal conditions the receiver receives these IR rays from the infra red LED but whenever any obstruction taken place in the path of IR rays, the sensor gets activated and transmits an alarm signal to the authorities including the recorded information revealing the theft location.

 This entire mechanism is controlled by the micro processor, and the transmissions of the IR rays are done by frequency modulation techniques.  

The sensing circuit consists of a condenser MIC, a high sensitive device which can sense even minute sounds and amplifies it to audible sound, the receiver module is kept near the police stations or the concern authorities, it not only prohibits the un authorized entries into important places but it gives the detail list of total entries during the whole day with number of individual entries, the micro controller used in this project is ATMEL 89C51 a high performance, low power device with high sensitivity.

 This kit is operated at rectified 5v dc, so we have to step down the 230v- 50 Hz supply from mains into 12v and then converted into 5v dc using a full wave bridge rectifier, and a voltage regulator to attain proper voltage regulation.  The design and the performance results are listed in the following sections. 

Download  ECE Minor Project Report on Modern Security System With Message Transmitter.

Harmonic Analysis of Separately Excited Dc Motor Drives Fed by Single Phase Controlled Rectifier and PWM Rectifier

In recent year the electrical energy transfer is done by the converters made of semi conductors had became immense problem by injecting undesirable harmonic effects in the electrical equipments, in order to rectify these drawbacks pulse width modulation rectifiers are replaced in the place of phase controlled rectifiers having capability of controlling the harmonics, by implementing pulse with modulation technique.

These pulse width rectifiers having   low harmonic distortion i.e. THD is below 5%, maintains unity power factors, and attains nearly sinusoidal controlled output with bidirectional power flow.  And these are in expensive, operates at high switching states with high power applications.

Here modulation is nothing but varying the properties of one signal by using another signal know as carrier signal, Pulse width modulation is mainly classified into Single pulse width modulation, multiple pulse width modulation, Sinusoidal pulse width modulation, Trapezoidal pulse width modulation, Staircase pulse width modulation, Delta pulse width modulation having various switching strategies, Natural sampled , Regular sampled , Optimal Sub-optimal  these entire phenomenon’s and their operation principles are elaborately explained in this paper.

Our project we provided the basic information regarding the strategies of various harmonics and their reduction techniques. These harmonic creates an abnormal behavior of the electrical equipment like decrease in power factor, over heating of the system, decreasing the efficiency and damaging the equipment.

Hence there is an immediate need for reduction of these harmonics, so we provided the necessary solutions for the reduction of harmonics. Harmonic filters are used to reduce the harmonics by improving total harmonic distortion. Harmonic analysis is carried out by a mathematical approach Fourier series.

Our project is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the simulation results shows that a controlled output nearly equal to sinusoidal is obtained by using pulse width modulation, this paper reveals that PWM is low cost approach for protection of electrical accessories which can be easily installed with simple circuit logic; it reduced the total harmonic distortion to a greater extent.

Download  Harmonic Analysis of Separately Excited Dc Motor Drives Fed by Single Phase Controlled Rectifier and PWM Rectifier.

Project Report for Investigation Of Alternators Subjected To Different Loads And Minimization Of Encountered Harmonics

In these days the maintaining appropriate power quality had became a basic concern in both production and transmission of the electrical energy, because of increasing demand for electricity and involvement of sensitive devices in transmission of power had caused many problems in distribution and utilization of the electrical energy, these sensitive devices in order to meet the increasing demand of electricity, they creating undesirable quantities like harmonics, the harmonics are created due to the non linear behavior of the load, causing severe problems in the electrical equipment either reducing its performance abilities or by damaging it permanently.  These power quality disturbances are to be reduced in order to achieve proper economical energy transmission.

In our project we provided we studied the different conditions of the alternator performance when they subjected to varying loads, along the suitable harmonic filtration methods improving power quality.  This paper gives the detailed information regarding the evolution of harmonics and their prevention strategies,

In order to analyze the performance of particular machine the following factors are to be concerned like voltage regulation, total harmonic distortion(THD), power factor variations, our paper discusses about the  harmonic analysis which helps in designing proper harmonic filters,  we  conducted experiments on two types of alternators one is Laminated rotor alternator and the other  Solid rotor alternator, and these alternators tested under varying loads i.e. current is proportional to the voltage  and non varying loads i.e. current is not proportional to the load,

The performance tests we conducted are includes oscilloscope test for observing the variations in the load characteristic, Synchronous Impedance Method, Ampere-turn Method, Zero power factor (or) Potier reactance method to find the voltage regulation, and to measure the harmonics we use Spectrum analyzer having two types namely Analog spectrum analyzer, Digital spectrum analyzer with a Wave analyzer to amplitude and frequency calculations. The filters we employed are Single tuned harmonic filter, Capacitor filter having tendency to provide information regarding various harmonics and their behavior.

Download  Project Report for Investigation Of Alternators Subjected To Different Loads And Minimization Of Encountered Harmonics .