Electronic Siren ECE Project

We the undersigned had certified and acknowledge the successful completion of the Project Report entitled ” ELECTRONIC SIREN

We certify that we have examined and recommended to Government Technological College for Under-Graduate studies for acceptance the project entitled “ELECTRONIC SIREN” submitted by in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma of Engineering.

The 555 IC Circuit

The 555 monolatic integrated circuit timer was first introduced by Signetis Corporation in 1927 u8sing bipolar technology. It quickly became an industry strand for, timing and oscillation functions. Many Manufactures produce a version of a 555 IC, some in the CMOS technology. The 555 is a general-purpose IC that can be used for precision timing, pulse generation, sequential timing, time delay generation. The 555 can operate in both astable and monostable modes, with timing pulse ranging from microseconds to hours. It also has an adjustable duty cycle and can generally source or sink output currents up to 200m.

Basic Operation

The basic block diagram of the 555 IC is shown in Fig. The circuit consists of two comparators which drive an RS flip-flop, an output buffer, and a transistor that

discharges an external timing capacitor. The actual circuit of an LM555 timer is also shown.

The RS flip-flop is a digital circuit that will be considered in a later chapter. Here, we will only describe the basic digital function of the flip-input with voltage references set at (2\3)V by the voltage divider comparator output goes high, producing a high output at flip-flop terminated Q. This turns the discharge transistor on and an external timing capacitor starts to discharge.

The output state of the 555 IC is driven by output Q of the RS flip-flop. This output is usually a totem-pole circuit, or a simple buffer, and is generally capable of sourcing or sinking 200mA.

An external reset input to the RS flip-flop overrides all other inputs and is used to initiate a new timing cycle by turning the discharge transistor on.

Fig. Basic Block Diagram 555 IC Timer Circuit Diagram, LM555 Timer Circuit

RESISTER

A component is used for its resistance. In the past, most resistors were manufactured from carbon composition, a baked mixture of graphite and clay. These have been almost completely superseded by carbon or metal film resistor. Wire-wound resistors are used for comparatively low values of resistance where the precise value is important, or for high dissipation. They are unsuitable for RF use because of their reactance.

CAPACITOR

A passive circuit component is a capacitance. A capacitor is formed from a pair of conducting surfaces separated by a layer of insulator. A capacitor made from a pair of parallel conducting plates of area S separated by a distance d, with the gap between the plates filled by a dielectric of relative permittivity E, will have a capacitance C given by

C = εrεoS d
where εo is the permittivity of free space.

A component that converts an electrical signal into light signal can be injected into the Fiber.

TRANSISTOR

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is constructed with doped semiconductor regions separated by two PN junctions. The three region is called emitter, base, and collector. The physical representation of the two types of bipolar transistors are shown in Fig; One type consists of two n regions separated by a p region (PNP)and the other consists of two p regions separated by an n region (PNP).

The PN junction joining the base region and the emitter region is called the base-emitter region. The junction joining the base region and the collector region is called the base-collector junction.

Fig. Standard Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Symbols

Fig. Forward Reverse Bipolar Transistor

The directions of the current in on NPN transistors are as shown in Fig; These diagrams show that the emitter current (IE); the same of the collector current (IC)and the base current (IB).

RECTIFIER

Fig. Block Diagram of Rectifier Circuit

The power supply consists of a transformer, receiver, and filter circuit. The transformer is probably one of the most useful electric devices. The transformer provides a simple means of changing an ac voltage or current from one value to another. A simple transformer consists of two coils (windings). The coil connected to the source is called primary winding and the other one is called the secondary winding. The coils are insulated from each other and from the core.

If a transformer receives energy at a low voltage and delivers it at a higher voltage, it is called step up transformer. When a transformer is supplied some lower voltage, it is called a step-down transformer. We used a step-down transformer in the circuit.

For an autotransformer, the secondary winding is actually part of the primary winding. The rectifier circuit is the process of converting an alternating (ac) voltage into one, that is limited to one polarity.
Rectifier circuit that contains diode is called rectifier diode. The diode can pass current easily in one direction only.

Rectifier diode can be used to charge a RESERVOIR CAPACITOR in order to obtain smooth DC. The rectifier circuit is classified as half-wave and full-wave rectifier.

The output voltage appears only during the positive cycle of the input signal, the circuit is called a half-wave rectifier.

A rectifier output voltage occurs during both the positive and negative cycles of the input signal, this circuit is called a full-wave rectifier.

Full-wave rectifier consists of

(a) Central-tapped full-wave rectifier; and

(b) Bridge full-wave rectifier.

We used Bridge full-wave rectifier.

Fig. Schematic Circuit Diagram of Rectifier

Filter circuit provides a constant voltage to a load. The capacitor used in the filter circuit.

DIODE

The diode can be made of either two of semiconductor materials, silicon, and germanium. Power diodes are usually constructed using silicon and germanium. Silicon diode can operate at higher current and at higher junction temperature, and they have greater reverse resistance.

The structure of a semiconductor diode and it symbol are shown in Figure. The diode has two terminals, an anode, A terminal ( P junction ) and a cathode K terminal ( N junction ). When the anode voltage is more positive than the cathode, the diode is said to be forward biased and it conducts current readily with a relatively low voltage drop. When the cathode voltage is more positive than the anode, the diode is said to be reverse biased, and it blocks current flow. The arrow on the diode symbol shows the direction of convection current flow when the diode conducts.

CIRCUIT OPERATION OF ELECTRONIC SIREN

The electronic siren using op-amp 555IC is shown in Fig.This circuit can be used for calling Bell or the emergency etc.

IC1 produce the low-frequency square wave pulses that can be used as the oscillator and IC2 also work for the high-frequency oscillator. The 5th supplied node of IC2 is connected at the end of IC1 output by connecting R2.At low state IC1 output reach 0V and the ground will be simultaneously cut off. In this way, the output signal (high frequency) of IC2 will cause the sound that is simultaneously cut off. The output signal of IC2 will increase by transistor Q2.

By changing the value of R3 and C2 it can be used as the siren of the ambulance and the police cars.

REFERENCES

  1. Electronic Project 1
  1. Electronic Project 2
  1. Devices (Fourth Edition)
  1. Power Electronic

Wireless PC Data Logger for Smart Parking System

ABSTRACT

This project is about the new technique for solving parking problems and provide an easy method of parking. In the present scenario, people find it very difficult to park their vehicles in public places like shopping malls etc.

This project considers present parking system issues and provides a solution to develop advanced parking system. This project aims to design a vehicle parking system for the parking lot management. We are using here eight such parking slots.

This enables the car drivers to know the availability of parking space and to park it efficiently and easily with the help of LED Indicator Panel. In this project, we are implementing eight such parking lots. In this application IR transmitter and receivers are used to detect presence or absence of the vehicle. The information is then passed to the microcontroller which is then interfaced with the LED indicator panel to show the status of parking lots. The same information is transmitted to remote end using ZigBee technology. At the receiver, it is received and output is shown in PC terminal software.

The information is then passed to the microcontroller which is then interfaced with the LED indicator panel to show the status of parking lots. The same information is transmitted to remote end using ZigBee technology. At the receiver, it is received and output is shown in PC terminal software.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Wireless Data Encryption and Decryption System

In this Wireless Data Encryption and Decryption System project, we are using PC Keyboard to enter the required text information. The microcontroller accepts this data, encrypts it and then sends it to remote place using the proper code given by the user. The information will be shown on the 16*2 LCD.

The same information will be transmitted to remote place using RF Transmitter Module working on 435 Mhz.

The information is then received at another end with the help of RF Receiver Module. The data is then given to microcontroller which will be decrypted using the same code and finally shown on the 16*2 LCD.

Block Diagram:

(TRANSMITTER)

(RECEIVER):

Zigbee Based College Bus Data Monitoring System

The college-bus database monitoring and controlling system in the college need to be continuously monitored by the computer. These monitoring system include bus transition monitoring system, where continuous monitoring and parameter checking required.

Most of the current monitoring and controlling system having human interfaces and some difficult task like maintaining such data with accuracy. It is impossible for the college bus-worker and management staff to continuously work only for such task. So to solve this problem, we can provide wireless network link like ZigBee.

The characteristics of ZigBee like low power, low cost, range up to 100 meter and network forming ability make ZigBee technology an ideal choice for wireless monitoring and controlling network in this system.

In our proposed College-Bus Data Monitoring system we are using ZigBee module, p89c51rd2 microcontroller system and one pc interfaced with it, who monitor continuously. This module  send the unique code for each bus at the time of entering or exiting college campus to the ZigBee enabled p89c51rd2 microcontroller system interfaced with computer.

In computer by using data logger software we are storing that updated data in database with time & date. so like this we will have all bus transition data automatically with accuracy without maintaining any hand written database.

Power Fault Detector with Theft Intimation Project

Abstract:

This Power fault detector with theft intimation project is used to find out the fault in the power lines and to security from the tampering the device from the place and gives us indication.

Aim:

The main aim of this power fault detector project is to secure the power from someone who try’s to theft it. In this academic project we are using the Opto coupler to isolate from the high voltage to 5V output given to the micro controller .this microcontroller (AT89S52) is used to identify the fault in the supply and gives us alarm display will be shown on LCD.

If someone try’s to tamper the device this will be detected by the sensor (vibration sensor) and given to the microcontroller and alarm will be on.

Components:

  • Opto Copler
  • Micro Controller
  • LCD Display
  • Relay Driver
  • Relay
  • Vibration Sensor

Block Diagram:

Wireless Controlled Digital Score Board Project

Abstract:

Implementation of a digital score board with wireless control is the aim of the project. A digital score board can be used for football, basket ball and volley ball courts.

It consists of Five various display’s. First one for the countdown timer which can be set according to the requirement with a pause and start function. Second and third for the display name of the Team A and Team B, Each display comprises of four alphabet display capability with letter varying from A-Z and 1-9.The fourth and Fifth display are for the respective 2 digit scores of Team A and Team B .

The whole functioning of the digital score board can be controlled with a wireless remote handed over to the referee; The time can be preset in 4 digit timer i.e. with two display’s for minutes and two display’s for seconds, the timer can be paused and started any moment using the remote. The score can be updated by the referee. Score display can be incremented and decremented as per requirements.

The Digital Score board will be powered with AC power supply. It can also be added with a battery backup depending on the requirement.

Model of digital Score Board

Bus Tracking System using GSM Module Project

Bus Tracking System:

Using  GSM Module and Microcontroller we are designing and implementing a time saving system for daily BUS commuters, which will give the information about the present position of BUS whenever subscribed by the subscriber for a particular BUS, which will have its unique code.

Scope of the Project:

  • Bus Tracking System can be implemented in government, company, college & private buses.
  • Can also be implemented using GPS system.
  • Ring can be developed for blind people to get the status of bus.

Brief Description:

In the Bus Tracking System project, an IR transmitter is placed in bus & IR RECEIVER unit is placed at bus stop. Whenever bus reaches bus stop our unit comes to know which bus has been arrived. The transmitter present in the bus transmits a certain code using RC5 protocol. Carrier frequency for RC5 protocol is 36 kHz.

IR receiver which is present on bus-stop detects the IR signals and gives the coded data to the microcontroller for decoding purpose.  Microcontroller is controlling block of the system. After decoding this code, which bus has arrived is decided.   The acknowledgement is given to the system user through SMS. This SMS is send whenever bus is arrived.  The subscriber numbers to whom the message has to be send is stored in the EEPROM, which is the memory element used over here.

The 89s52 microcontroller communicates with EEPROM using I2C protocol. Whenever a message is to send to the subscriber for the subscribed bus controller  fetches those subscribed numbers & then send the message through GSM module. Microcontroller and GSM module are interfaced through MAX 232. . MAX232 is a device which converts TTL voltage logic levels to RS232 & vice versa.

The GSM module sends SMS to the subscriber which is mentioned in EEPROM through AT commands.  AT commands are used to send SMS from GSM module. LCD is used to display which bus has arrived.

The block diagram:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Sr. No. Components Specifications Quantity
1 Microcontroller 89s52 1
2 MAX 232 IC DIP 16 PIN 1
3 GSM Module SIM 300 1
4 EEPROM CAT 24WC 08 8KKBit Serial CMOS 1
5 IR Transmitter Phillips RC-5 (Carrier Freq 36 KHz) 1
6 IR Receiver TSOP 1840(fo-40khz) 1

Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network Project

Abstract

The Zigbee based Wireless Sensor Network system is developed to gather atmospheric data in hazardous/remote areas. This embedded system project is designed using embedded technology. This project is designed with Atmega 8515 micro-controller , LCD, ADC, Zigbee, temperature and humidity sensors. The Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network project involves designing and developing a transmitter and receiver section that can be used for data acquisition with the help of Zigbee modules.

The receiver and transmitter are equipped with the micro-controller. At transmitter side, there are sensors to sense atmospheric physical parameters like temperature, humidity etc. We can use multiple such nodes with many sensors but for demonstration purpose only two sensors are used in this project.

The data is then sent through zigbee module to transmit the signals. The receiver receives the signals and micro-controller decodes and analyzes it. The information is displayed with the help of a LCD.

Zigbee is a wireless network used for home, building and industrial control. It has IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard for low data rate network. With a maximum speed of 250Kbps at 2.4GHz, zigbee is designed for low power consumption.

Hardware used to develop this Project:

Features

• Can be used in hazardous/remote areas.
• Independent of line-of-sight communication.
• Support for multiple network topologies.
• High data reliability.
• Transmission range available up to 1.6 Km
• Low power consumption.
• Highly reliable, cost effective and compact in size.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Microcontroller based Smart Parking Control System

This Smart Parking Control System project Designed With Microcontroller attempts to cut the time to park the vehicles in the lot and help the motorists to recall the exact parked space. Motorists often spend a significant amount of time to park their vehicles in the parking lots during peak hours. They also may not remember the parked space of their vehicle precisely, while picking up the vehicle.

To solve this problem, an automated vehicle parking system is designed which serves the motorist to find a space for his vehicle within less time. The system displays about the details of freed-up parking spaces. The waiting time to park the vehicle can be reduced by providing this vacant space information to the motorists before he/she enters the system.

The system recognizes the vacant space and displays automatically, this display system can be provided at the entrance of the main gate, so that while entering in to the parking space, the motorist can find his parking place without anybody’s direction.

To sense the vehicle at parking place, infrared sensors are used; the output of the sensors is fed to micro-controller and according to the received information from the sensors, the controller displays, that the particular parking place is vacant or full. For the demonstration purpose three sets of sensors are used to simulate three parking sites.

The system is designed such that, when all parking sites are filled and there is no space for another vehicle, automatically the gate will be closed. To simulate this, stepper motor is used and the controller drives the motor, a small arm of 10″ is coupled to the motor shaft, which simulates either the gate is opened or closed. For displaying the information LCD panel is connected at the output of micro -controller.

Bomb Detection Robot Project

The design scheme of this robot is based on the recognition metal based on the principle of mutual inductance. This is verified by on-board reference comparison. The metal detection circuit is mounted on a robot which is controlled by RF.

This Bomb Detection Robot project is developed on embedded platform, whose software platform use the firmware written in embedded C. The metal detection circuit contains a coil which when placed over a metal, changes the response of the system and inturn the system signals the remote node about the detection and rings a buzzer on the robot.

The whole Bomb Detection Robot project is implemented on 8051 based AT89S52 controller and the compiler used is RIDE/KEIL. the remote metal detecton values are displayed on the LCD. The controlling of the robot is enabled with zigbee network.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

SOFTWARE:

Embedded ‘C’
RIDE to write code
ISP to burn the chip

HARDWARE:

At89s52 based our own developed board
Power Supply
RF transmitter and receiver
DC motors
Motor driver
Metal detector sensor